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Cognitive Psychology > Jan Exam > Flashcards

Jan Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the difference between endogenous and exogenous attention?(1)

A

Endogenous attention is from within (ie top-down) whilst exogenous attention (bottom up) is attention external to self.

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2
Q

What are failures of selection in space?Time?(1)

A

When too much info is presented at once in front of you

Too much at the same time is failures in time.

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3
Q

What is the dual-task paradigm?What is important about Shapiro’s experimnent?Does the senses involved effect this?(3)

A

2 tasks done at the same time, shows hard/impossible to accurately record the events of both videos (Neisser 1976 and Duncan 1984)
Also shapiro letter stream experiment, when just hving to recognise T2 they succesfully spotted it, when having tospot both T1&2 they failed to spot T2 at times 100-500ms between the 2 suggesting a failure in time
YES-diff senses effect less whereas tasks requiring same senses are harder to be attended to due to greater overlap in mental domains.

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4
Q

Attentional blink?(1)

A

Time where incoming info is not registered hence missed detection of a stimulus within a specific time frame (short).

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5
Q

Attention as a Bottleneck?(1)

A

Limitation in attention as a result of motor output (greater output for one stimuli) information quantity (spatial or temporal).

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6
Q

Response bottleneck.(1)

A

Slow in response to 1 stimuli due to being multiple response options.

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7
Q

Limitations of dual-task.(3)

A

Combination been found as to how people do it therefore not really measurable with how tasks would be preformed normally.
Cant guarantee 2 tasks are being attended to at the same time
Skill in a given task will make it more automatics and therefore help reduce the imitations in attention as a result of dualism.

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8
Q

Hemispatial neglect.(3)

A

One half of visual stream is entirely ignored (also other senses).
Often as a result of a stroke damaging the right parietal lobe which is known for importance in attention
Wont complete left half a drawing but if informed (top-down inforcement) they’ve missed it they can then complete the task can also attend to the left iif a stimulus is very large.
Also effected temporally experiment by Cate and Behrman shows with neglect overcame when only left stimuli presented by itself however if a right is shown this decreases, if time between the 2 is increased again then left side can be detected again-this shows spatial and temporal attentional mechanisms interact.

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9
Q

Does hemispatial neglect occur in left hemisphere?(1)

A

Yes but not common as left is typicl of language whilst right is typical of attention hence left wouldnt cause as dramatic an effect on attentional processes.

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10
Q

What did Posner’s experiment regarding exo/endogenous show?What is the difference in their times for target detection?(4)

A

Central attention point then arrow, valid trials showed arrow to target, invalid showed arrow to no target and neutral showed arrow in both directions.
Showed that exogenous misleading cues interfered with target viewing that exogenous processes were aiming for
Also showed valid trials detected the target faster than neutral.
Similar experiment with lights for exo testing showed that diff between these is that in both validities the endo took longer due to perceptual processing of the arrow whilst the brightness cue of the exo experiment led to automatic detection as no thought required.

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11
Q

Are eye-movements and attention linked?(1)

A

Yes, despite Posners experiment showing attention can detect without eye-movement both are seen to be linked and are even shown to rely on same neural network with attention scanning the visual scene and eye-movements honing in on the important things.

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12
Q

What is Posners 3 stage attention model?How did he draw these conclusions?(3,3)

A

Disengage from current
shift focus
engage on the next.
Found as hemispatial neglect patients when given a cue for good side and target was bad they had trouble disengaging thus shifting focus and attending to the target of the left
Similarly progressive supernuclear palsy (damage to mid-brain) patients couldnt shift focus
And patients with lesions on the pulvinar (part of thalamus) couldnt engage on new target if on opposite side to which they had damage.

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13
Q

Cross-modal paradigm?(1)

A

Priming from one cues helps detection of another.

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14
Q

What does Duncan’s 1984 experiment show?(3)

A

Object-based attention ie attention can be directed to an object nd all its features saw rectangle in centre of screen with gap on one side and a line through it
When asked to identifying eatures on same object (eg gap side and size of rectangle) this was easily done, however,
when asked to do 2 objects (box and line egsize of box and texture of line) participants struggled.
Backed by fMRI on face-house-motion experiment.
BIAS

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15
Q

What is the difference between a single and double dissociation?(1)

A

Single shows that discrete functions have discrete brain modalities whilst double rules out the potential of resource artefacts (ie in single dissociation results may be because 2 are linked however one is just more greatly impaired) by testing both things.

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16
Q

Where are Broca and Wernicke areas?What are they for?(2)

A

Broca in frontal, wernicke in temporal posterior

Broca is for language production whilst wernicke is for comprehension.

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17
Q

What are broca and wernicke aphasia respectively?(1)

A

Cant produce, cant comprehend
Proven these are localised by double dissociation testing both showing those with broca A can still comprehend whilst those with wernicke A can still produce.

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18
Q

What did angolo mosso do?(1)

A

Study brain waves (which are observed using an EEG eg electrodes on scalp) in correspondance with heart rate.
Discovered independancy from brain waves and blood pressure but goes with flow.

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19
Q

What does fMRI measure?(1)

A

Ratio of oxyhaem to haem.

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20
Q

What did Hubel&Weisel do?(1)

A

Used single cell recordings on monkeys on occiptal lobe to show the specialisation of V1 cells, neurinal firing in recrptive field.

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21
Q

What is the difference between an EEG and ERG?(1)

A

EEG is the voltage change from signal electrode and reference potential
ERG is an average of these for removal of background noise.

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22
Q

Pros and Cons of Single cell recordings and EEG/ERGs?(

A

Single cell:
+best resolution possible (only one cell)
- invasive
EEG/ERGs:
+Fast +noninvasive
-Spatial resolution isnt the best r better than fMRI.

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23
Q

What is cortical stimulation?What did it find?What was discovered in 1890?(3)

A

Stimulation of brain areas to remove areas of brain causing issues eg epilepsy treatment.
Penfield used this to find the specific areas for brain functions
Shows cognition is in the firstly known “silent” areas which were discovered by Flechsig and found these didnt all have myelination showing they develop later.

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24
Q

What is the duality of patterning?(3)

Study These Flashcards
A

Phonemes (meaningless sounds) can be recombined to make multiple words.
Morphemes are the smallest units of meaning.

25
What are recursions in language?(1)
Embedded phrases into sentences.
26
What are the properties of language?(3)
Syntax, many sub-units (as said by skinner) chomsky said we have genetic disposition to speak in a structured way constantly evolves.
27
What is the kuka-bibi effect?What is responsible for this?(1)
Shapes of the objects associated with shapes of the patterns. Angular gyrus-ideal location in posterior temporal lobe.
28
What is the triangular model of the lexicon?(1)
Thought goes to spelling (writing orthographical),and sound (speaking) in triangle with thought at the top.
29
Problems with understanding language.(3)
Lexical ambiguity singe sound=multiple interpretations orthography=same word=dff meanings Integration of bottom up and top down helps solve this.
30
How do we understand language?(3)
Speech segmentation, hear gaps in speech that doesnt for separate words Word superiority-change letters depending on context Phonemic restoration-missing letters in sentence depending on sentence using cohort (subconscious thesaurus).
31
What is the parsing hypothesis?(1)
Syntax first infers meaning then top-down processing
32
What is the interactionist approach?(1)
Different parsing/phrasing changing meaning, punctuatin influences this. Garden path sentences give info on stuff said prior so see the integration.
33
How did broca find the broca area in the inferior frontal lobe?What are the main issues with broca aphasia?(1,4)
Leborgne's brain damage here and couldn't produce language struggle to speak a-grammatism (not good syntax) common paraphasias (eg semantic: confusing look and show or phonemic: ho and show) comprehension relatively intact.
34
What does the Broca area do?(3)
Contains memories for motor commands required for articulation Involvement in grammar Differetial ability in content and function words.
35
What does the Wernicke area do?What are the main issues of wernicke aphasia?(4)
Posterior temporal so relates memories of sounds to meaning garbled speech neogolism (new words) paraphasic errors-substituting other words -severe comprehension deficit.
36
What is the Wernicke-Geschwind model?(2)
repeating a word: auditory cortex, wernicke area, fibre bundle (arcuate fascilicus) to broca, mortex to say the word repeating a writte word: V1, angular gyrus, werncike area, arcuate gyrus to broca, motor.
37
Can Waphasics patients actually understand?(1)
Thought they can but cant access it fast if at all | If primed they can as different pathway activated.
38
What does the n400 effect show?(3)
Normal patents on ERG ratings for understadning a sentence realised it was a non-sentence which did not make sense 400ms after presentation with change in negative hence N400 Baphasics were just under but could still do this People with legions in the right side of the brain were similar Waphasics were diff in that the time for this increased dramatically and showed reduced processng with a less negative result.
39
What did Dronker's do?(1)
Extend brocas research of tans brain through mri scanning found that not just broca area was damaged fibre bundles were also severed and damage was far beyond the lateral cortex. can still has expression as that is right side, singing etc. Suggests brocas area and broca aphasia isnt necessarily related same with wernicke.
40
What in chronometry?Who founded it?(2)
Donders subtractve method: detect chronomtery choice reaction time and to discrimination
41
What did sternberg find?(2)
Memory search found the brain does both parallel (2 at the same time) and serial (one after the other) processing found memory search used serial
42
What did warrington propose?Who argued against?(2)
left hemisphere association to memory as tied into associatio cortex. right hemisphere features shown not true as cases against this. Looks at how not where hollistic processing faces or feature based
43
What are the differences between apperceptive and associative agnosias?(2)
not perceived as an object | semantic catergorisation, percept not associated with object memory
44
What did Anne Treisman do?(1)
Visual search paradigm showing feature integration harder to find a letter in the search when had to processed for 2 features(conjunctive)rather than 1 (disjunctive) showing evidence against feature theory.
45
What did Mclleland show?(1)
Feature integration model, as opposed to template.
46
``` What are the following conditions and where has the brain been damaged in each case: Anopia Achromatopsia Spatial neglect and apraxia Akinetopsia.(4) ```
1) V1 blindsight 2) V4 ("what") 3) parietal 3) Motor cortex V5.
47
What us integrative agnosia?(1)
HJA had it, have apperceptiv and associative agnosias so difficulty perceiving the objet and as a whole.
48
What is the stroop effect?(1)
conflict in sttentio eg task to read colours as words which have conflicting colours themselves.
49
What is the cocktail party effect?(1)
Selective attention on auditory cues.
50
What is the shadowing paradigm?(1)
dichotic lstening (evidence for early selection where enhances the N1 component) where 2 aduitory cues given and have to repeat and listen ti one, shows selective attention.
51
What did Broadbend suggest?(2)
The early selective model ie attention is decided earlier on in the processing sequence. doesnt support cocktail party effect as requires complete disregard for information.
52
What did Tresman suggest for attention?(1)
Attenuation theory-attention has high and low piroity, if lowp then becomes important you divert attention to that.
53
What did Deutch& Deutch suggest?(1)
Late selection theory, that perception occurs then you filter Drawback is that this is v inefficient way of processing.
54
What us garratts theory of language?(1)
thought syntax phonology articulation.
55
What are the different types of memories?(2,2)
Explicit-episodic and semantic | Implicit-priming and procedural.
56
How long is sensory info stored?(1)
Visual
57
What is Miller's magic number?(1)
7+-2 (STM number of retention).
58
What is the atkinson shiffrin model for memory?(3)
sensory stored to STM (attended goes to ST unattended decays), STM to LTM (goes to LTM with rehearsal and is displaced if not) Lost from LTM through interference.

Cognitive Psychology (1 decks)

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