January 19, 2016 Flashcards
(29 cards)
Three main ways to gather information
1) Introspection: self reflection
2) observation of others: but hard to KNOW a person
3) case studies
Define Murray’s personology
- that you have to study in depth whole person
- this is where the case study came about
- “ecological validity” BUT impossible to do everyone
- AND people act different when being watched
What are the two key methods to empirical research?
Experimental and Correlational
preference to be done
- IV and DV manipulate/measure
- Random assignment: spread random error across groups accounting for error.
- can draw cause and effect conclusions
Experimental method
what are multi-factor studies? (experimental method)
DV influenced by multiple factors (IV) BUT harder to control for error.
-makes you able to look at 2 effects
what is the difference between main effects and interaction effects (experimental method)
main effects: not affected by other factors (ex. doesn’t matter if you have a french accent or canadian, when speaking fast you’ll be perceived as smarter)
interaction effects: IS affected by other factors
Naturally occurring changes
positive: +/+ and -/-
Negative: +/- and -/+
Sometimes you can’t vary what you want to vary so you use the…
correlational method
What is the correlation coefficient and when is it most strong?
r: +1.00 to -1.00
the closer it is to 1.00 the stronger the correlation
What is the third variable problem ? (correlational method)
seems like there is a correlation but really there is just a third variable : “spurious correlations”
What is the importance of replication?
fraud, and using multiple methods, making sure it’s right.
Takes every study and establishes size of relation and the direction of that relationship. Equates all the studies and will give a statistical estimate of how strong the relation is and in what direction.
Meta-analysis
Concerns for rights of individuals in psych
- Deception: so people won’t change their behaviour
- Informed consent: tell them they won’t know everything until the debrief
- Debrief: afterwards, tell them everything
Name 5 sources of Information
1) Self reporting
2) Observer ratings
3) Interviews
4) Physiological measurements
5) Responses in laboratory situations
Explain the difference between subjective and objective measurement
Objective: requires no interpretation
Subjective: you have to interpret an action (or something) as something else (ex. a certain tone of voice as arrogance.. but might be confidence, etc.)
Define Reliability
repeatability or consistency of a measure over time.
the agreement among responses made to items of a measure.
- the average correlation between each pair of items separately.
- split-half reliability: make two subsets of test and correlate person’s score on each test (ex. even and odd on test numbers)
Internal reliability (internal consistency)
correlating one judge’s rating with that of another judge
inter-rater reliability
correlating person’s score on measure at time 1 with score at time 2
test-retest reliability
refers to all split (half) reliability ways
it splits it in every way possible
Co-efficient Alpha
to have good reliability you need a score of at least..
r = 0.80
What are three threats to reliability?
1) clarity of items: how a person interprets a question can vary over time, situations, etc. has to be clear
2) motivation of test-taker: they have to be paying attention and relatively invested (lie scales)
3) Number of items: super short tests are not very thorough, the more items you have - less of a big deal if you miss/mess up on a question or two.
Define Validity
degree to which a measure actually measures what it is supposed to measure
degree to which a measure appears to measure what it is supposed to measure
face-validity
degree to which a measure adequately covers the domain it’s supposed to cover
content-validity
