January 2018 Exam Flashcards
(29 cards)
What is sustainable development?
A widely accepted definition of sustainable development is; Bruntland (1987) “Sustainable development is development which meets the needs of today without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”.
However, it is a contestable theory.
What are the three IATA targets?
1) An aeverage 1.5% improvement of fuel efficiency from 2009 to 2020.
2) A cap on aviation CO2 emissions from 2020 (carbon neutral growth).
3) A reduction in net aviation CO2 emissions by 2050, relative to 2005 levels.
Draw the IATA targets in a diagram form.
DRAW
Draw the tripartite model of sustainable development.
Two advantages and one negative comment too
+ It’s easy to understand
+ Can be applied across sectors
- Can’t measure x against y, all elements have an equal weighting
How would we try to measure the economic benefits of aviation?
GDP, profits
How would we try to measure the noise impacts of aviation?
Noise contour maps, hedonic pricing method
How would we try to measure the benefits of travel as a result of aviation?
It’s hard to quantify and monetise.
What is ‘capital’ and what are the three types of ‘capital’ within sustainable development?
“Assets that can be valued which will give you future benefit”
1) Manmade (infrastructure, housing, machinery)
2) Human (knowledge, skills, education)
3) Natural (oil, gas, coal, clean water, biological diversity)
4 points which make up WEAK sustainability.
1) A sustained development where utility or consumption does not decline over time.
2) The total capital stock from one generation to the next is more than it inherited, however, there may be more manmade capital left than natural capital inherited as it’s viewed as substitutional.
3) Natural capital is not seen as essential.
4) Utility maximisation is the goal.
3 points which make up STRONG sustainability.
1) It’s the maximisation of social utility within the natural capacities of the environment.
2) The economy and nature are considered to be complementary and both should be sustained; thus limits are applied of resource take and pollution.
3) Natural capital may be valued as the most important and cannot be substituted with manmade or human capital.
What is the key differentiator between the two interpretations of sustainable development?
The role of capital.
What 5 things within the aviation industry may look different depending on the type of sustainability spectrum interpretation?
1) Demand - heavy taxation to account for the true cost of air travel, or removal of taxes altogether?
2) Fuel - bio fuels, kerosene
3) Size of the aviation industry - small, big
4) Frequency which people fly - permit to travel scheme? More domestic holidays?
5) Who will be allowed to fly? - only government diplomants?
What impacts from aviation are there from under 3,000ft?
Depends upon flight, supporting infrastructure, whatever
1) Noise
2) Impact upon wildlife
3) Particulate matter
4) Local water pollution
5) Local air pollution
What 4 main emissions come from aviation?
1) CO2 - it has a long atmospheric life and mixes well within the atmosphere, causes global warming. It remains constant per kg of kerosene burnt, regardless of phase of flight. It also comes from GPUs, ICEs from GSE, supply chain emissions off-site etc.
2) NOX - Highest during takeoff. Causes respiratory problems. Also comes from GPUs, ICEs from GSE.
3) SOX - remains constant regardless of phase of flight per kg or kerosene burnt
4) PM - from wear of brakes and tyres from aircraft/GSE. Causes cardiovascular, respiratory conditions and asthma.
Who governs noise from aviation and at what levels?
1) International - ICAO, UN
2) European - EU
3) National - CAA, DfT, DEGRA, UK Government
4) Local - local councils
Why is noise from aviation hard to address?
There are a range of factors and stakeholders involved. The aviation industry is unable to directly influence some things such as the density and spread of the population around airports, pre-existing background noise and weather conditions.
How is noise measured in the UK?
Lden (day-evening-night), with extra weighting given to noise during the evening (+5dbA for evening past 1900, +10 for night)
What is END?
The EU Environmental Noise Directive (END). It seeks to standardise noise measurements across the EU. It aims to avoid, prevent and reduce the harmful effects of environmental noise.
Who has to make a NAP?
Airports with more than 50,000 ATMs. It has to cover a 5 year period.
What 7 things does a NAP have to include?
1) Noise contour maps
2) The number of people exposed to noise by the airport
3) Identification of the problems and what needs to be improved
4) A record of any public consultations organised
5) Any noise reduction measures already in force and any projects in preparation
6) The long term strategy to reduce noise
7) Financial information and budgets set aside for mitigating measures
What 6 noise mitigation measures are available to airports?
1) Community investment funds
2) Operations management; single engine taxiing
3) Restricted operating hours (would also help to reduce the airport’s Lden)
4) Quiet slots - more expensive fees for noisier aircraft (LHR do this!)
5) Sound barriers
6) Change degree of approach (LHR trialled this)
What was Wolfe et al. (2014)’s study?
Wolfe et al.’s study used WTP, hedonic pricing methods, and value of life and cost of illness to establish the noise and air quality impacts of aviation.
They found the aggregate damage in $, climate change had the highest impact on a national level but noise had the highest impact on a local impact (within 5km of an airport).
They found that ‘damages per person’ increased as an airport’s ATMs increased.
They concluded air/noise/climate impacts depend on your proximity to an airport and its ATMs.
What is a stakeholder?
DEFINE
What 4 different relationships might an airport have with its various stakeholders?
And what different dimensions may they be aligned with?
RELATIONSHIPS:
1) Legal
2) Contractual
3) Financial
4) Moral
ALIGNMENTS:
1) Economic
2) Environmental
3) Social
