January 9, 2024

Question 1

Give the definition of “immune system”

Answer 1

collection of cells, molecules, and tissues
involved in an immune response

Question 2

Give the definition of “immune responses”

Answer 2

responses we make against non-self antigens
on pathogens (defense)

Question 3

Give the definition of “innate immunity”

Answer 3

protection against infection that relies on
mechanisms that exist before infection.

Question 4

Give the definition of “adaptive immunity”

Answer 4

response of antigen-specific
lymphocytes to antigen includes memory (protective)

Question 5

Give the definition of “antigen”

Answer 5

molecule or fragment that is specifically
recognized by antibodies or lymphocytes.

Question 6

What is the difference between self and non-self antigens?

Answer 6

Self antigens are ones that already exist within your cells, whereas non-self antigens are ones originate from outside of the body

Question 7

What kind of reaction does the immune system have on self antigens? What is this concept called?

Answer 7

None; immunological response

Question 8

Name the four types of pathogens

Answer 8

1. Viruses
2. Bacteria
3. Fungi
4. Parasites

Question 9

Name the difference between a regular pathogen and a opportunistic pathogen

Answer 9

Opportunistic pathogens are organisms that cause disease only in individuals whose immune system is in some way compromised

Question 10

What mechanical, chemical, and microbiological functions of the SKIN help aid against the spread of pathogens?

Answer 10

1. Flow of fluid, perspiration, sloughing off of skin
2. Sebum (fatty acids, lactic acid, lysozyme)
3. normal flora of the skin

Question 11

What mechanical, chemical, and microbiological functions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT help aid against the spread of pathogens?

Answer 11

1. Flow of fluid, mucus, food, and saliva
2. Acidity, enzymes (proteases)
3. normal flora of the gastrointestinal tract

Question 12

What mechanical, chemical, and microbiological functions of the RESPIRATORY TRACT help aid against the spread of pathogens?

Answer 12

1. Flow of fluid and mucus through cilia, airflow
2. Lysozyme in nasal secretions
3. normal flora of the respiratory tract

Question 13

What mechanical, chemical, and microbiological functions of the UROGENITAL TRACT help aid against the spread of pathogens?

Answer 13

1. Flow of fluid, urine, mucus, and sperm
2. Acidity in vaginal secretions; spermine and
   zinc in semen
3. normal flora of the urogental tract

Question 14

What mechanical, chemical, and microbiological functions of the EYES help aid against the spread of pathogens?

Answer 14

1. Flow of fluid, tears
2. Lysozyme in tears
3. normal flora of the eyes

Question 15

What mechanical function do the skin, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, urogenital tract, and skin share when fighting pathogens? What is the shared chemical function?

Answer 15

1. Epithelial cells joined by tight
   junctions
2. Antimicrobial peptides (defensins)

Question 16

What is the function of central (primary) tissues in the immune system? Where are those tissue located?

Answer 16

Lymphocytes develop and mature there; bone marrow (B cells and all other immune cells) and thymus (T cells)

Question 17

What is the function of peripheral (secondary) tissues in the immune system? Where are those tissue located?

Answer 17

Mature lymphocytes interact with each other and pathogens to become stimulated to respond; spleen, lymph nodes, appendix, tonsils, adenoids, Peyer’s patches, MALT/GALT/BALT

Question 18

Lymphocytes circulate in ____ and can leave to go into ____.

Answer 18

the blood; the lymph nodes

Question 19

What does a lymphocyte do in the presence of a pathogen? What does it do when there is no pathogen?

Answer 19

If a pathogen is draining from an afferent lymphatic vessel, the lymphocyte stays; it reenters circulations via an efferent lymphatic vessel

Question 20

What is the purpose of the lymphatics?

Answer 20

they drain fluid and cells from the
tissues and direct them back into the blood

Question 21

Where is your spleen located? What does it do? How is your spleen different from your lymph nodes?

Answer 21

1. in the upper left side of your abdomen, next
   to your stomach and behind your left ribs
2. it filters blood in order to remove old red
   blood cells and defend the body from
   bloodborne pathogens
3. Both pathogens and lymphocytes leave and
   enter through the blood

Question 22

Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) is located where? How is different from bronchial-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT)?

Answer 22

1. tonsils, adenoids, appendix, Peyer’s patches
2. it is more organized and does not line the
   respiratory epithelium

Question 23

How are lymph nodes, the spleen, and GALT similar?

Answer 23

They have the same organization

Question 24

Give the definition of hematopoiesis. Where do blood cells arise before and after birth?

Answer 24

1. the generation of the cellular elements of the
   blood
2. Yolk sac; bone marrow

Question 25

What is the most abundant type of leukocyte in human peripheral blood?

Answer 25

Neutrophils

Question 26

What are the four main components of human blood?

Answer 26

1. Red blood cells (transports O₂) 2. White blood cells/Leukocytes (defend the body against pathogens) 3. Platelets (cell fragments involved in blood clotting) 4. Blood plasma (the fluid in which blood cells and platelets are suspended

Question 27

What does blood plasma aid in? What does it contain? What is the one difference between blood plasma and blood serum?

Answer 27

1. Electrolyte balance 2. Water, proteins, glucose, clotting factors, ions, hormones, and CO₂ 3. Blood serum does not have clotting factors

Question 28

What has very little cytoplasm and aids in the production of antibodies (B cells) or cytotoxic and helper functions?

Answer 28

Small lymphocyte

Question 29

What cell has a starshaped morphology with fingerlike projections? What does it aid in?

Answer 29

1. Dendritic cell 2. Activation of T cells and initiation of adaptive immune responses

Question 30

What is a plasma cell? How does it differ from a small lymphocyte?

Answer 30

1. It is a fully differentiated form of a B cell that secretes antibodies? 2. It has a large amount of cytoplasm and is a large lymphocyte

Question 31

A mast cell aids in the expulsion of ____ from the body through release of ____ containing ____ and other active agents

Answer 31

parasites, granules, histamine

Question 32

Killer cells kill cells that are infected with certain what? What kind of cytoplasm do they have?

Answer 32

Viruses; granular

Question 33

Name four characteristics of a monocyte

Answer 33

1. It circulates in the blood 2. It is bigger than granulocytes 3. It has an indented nucleus 4. It is the mobile progenitor of Macrophage

Question 34

Neutrophils and macrophages are famous for what cellular process?

Answer 34

Phagocytosis

Question 35

Name five characteristics of macrophages

Answer 35

1. they activate T cells 2. they initiate immune responses 3. they have extensive cytoplasm 4. they have numerous vacuoles 5. they contain engulfed material

Question 35

Basophils, neutrophils, and eosinophils all have what in common?

Answer 35

they have prominent cytoplasmic granules

Question 35

What do erythrocytes transport?

Answer 35

O₂ via hemoglobin

Question 36

Which cell has basic granules that bind acidic stain (eosin)? Which one has acidic granules that bind basic stain (hemotoxylin)? Which one has granules that bind neither?

Answer 36

1. Eosinophil 2. Basophil 3. Neutrophil

Question 36

Name three characteristics of basophils

Answer 36

1. they control immune responses to parasites 2. they have bi- or tri-lobed nuclei that are hard to see because of granules 3. they are the rarest leukocyte

Question 36

Eosinophils have ____ shaped nuclei and aid in the destruction of ____ through the release of ____.

Answer 36

bi-lobed, antibody-coated parasites, granule contents

Question 36

What cells reside permanently in the bone marrow and aid in wound repair? What do their nuclei contain multiple sets of? What do they release?

Answer 36

1. Megakaryocytes 2. Chromosomes 3. Platelets

Question 36

Large reserves of ____ are stored in ____ and are released when needed to fight infection.

Answer 36

neutrophils, the bone marrow

Question 37

After neutrophils are done fighting off infection, they die in the tissue and engulf and are degraded by what?

Answer 37

Macrophages

Question 38

Differentiate the characteristics of recognition mechanisms of innate and adaptive immunity

Answer 38

Innate immunity: Rapid response (hours) Fixed A limited number of specificities constant during response ----------------------------------------------- Adaptive immunity: Slow response Variable Numerous highly selective specificities Improve during response

Question 39

What is the difference between inflammation and infection?

Answer 39

Inflammation is the body's protective response against infection

Question 40

What receptors do bacteria bind to on macrophages that cause pathogen engulfment and degradation? What do bacteria bind to that causes inflammation?

Answer 40

1. Phagocytic 2. Signaling receptors