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japan - chp 12-13 Flashcards

1
Q

Japan was known as…

A

the land of the rising sun!

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2
Q

Who was the sun goddess?

A

Amaterasu

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3
Q

What was the folklore behind her?

A

she was tricked into coming out of a cave, to being light + hope to japanese people!

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4
Q

Describe the emperor.

A
  • said to be divine + godlike
  • descendants of the sun goddess
  • represents the gods on earth
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5
Q

describe the shogun (7)

A
  • acted as federal government
  • had control over important matters (ex. foreign trade & relations)
  • ruled japan using bakufu government (tent government) because it was temporary
  • set up laws to decrease daiymo power to keep them from rebelling
  • set up network of secret police
  • whoever threatened the shogun’s power were harshly punished
  • most agricultural land was owned by the shogun
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6
Q

describe the daiymo (9)

A
  • lords or barons who controlled own region of japan
  • shogun controlled daiymo
  • the daiymo were forced to work in edo every second year and the other year they could live in their domains
  • the cost of two households + moving meant they had no time + money to challenge the shogun
  • had to leave family members
  • were said to be guests of the shogun, when really they were hostages
  • were protectected by the samurai
  • were expected to pay for roads
  • laws controlled daiymo lives (dress+marrige)
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7
Q

describe the samurai (10)

A
  • Most respected warrior class
  • Lived in castle towns controlled by the shogun or daimyo they served
  • Symbol of social privilege, and considered to be his soul
  • Large curved sword, sharp enough to slice an enemy in two, and a smaller sword to cut the head off of defeated enemies
  • There were many ranks and levels to the samurai
  • Lowers and least honorable were the ronin, whose without masters
  • Forbidden to be involved in trade or business
  • During peacetime they served as officers in the rural towns, collecting taxes, surveying land, and keeping order
  • Samurai Code of honor dictated that you live simple and thrifty lives
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8
Q

describe the peasants (4)

A
  • Farmers were considered important because they produced the food that sustained society
  • Laws controlled every aspect of the peasant life
  • Forbidden to smoke tobacco, drink rice wine
  • Needed permission to travel outside of their district
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9
Q

describe the artisans (5)

A
  • Lived in towns and cities
  • Children (sons) could only work in the trade of his father
  • Produced high quality paper, porcelains, lacquered or enamel container
  • Practical everyday items were both beautiful and functional
  • Lower status because they were not primary producers, they had to rely on the materials of others
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10
Q

describe the merchants

A
  • Bought items from artisans to sell or trade
  • Arranged the shipping and distribution of food, and stored rice in their warehouses
  • Because rice was considered currency during the Edo period, merchants fulfilled the role of bankers
  • Because they didn’t produce anything, they were at the bottom of the social structure
  • Spies would watch the merchants to see who was showing off their wealth, or who dared to criticize the government
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11
Q

describe women in edo society (5)

A
  • The class a women was born into determined her responsibilities
  • Women in the samurai class, had to raise their children in a proper samurai upbringing
  • Rural women had more freedom that the upper class, they worked in the home and in the field with their husbands planting, harvesting, gathering wood and raising silkworms
  • Women were always considered lower than men, and did not have legal existence in the Edo period
  • Also could not own property
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12
Q

describe outsiders (5)

A

-Outcasts were people who were shunned or ignored by the other classes because of their work
-Occupations that involved death
-Tanners, butchers, those that disposed of animal remains
-People with leprosy or some entertainers
-Had to live apart from society, were not allowed to change jobs, enter a peasants home or to be in the city after 8pm
-

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13
Q

how big is japan?

A

380,000 square kms, which is only 60% the size of Alberta

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14
Q

How many islands does Japan consist of?

A

Made up of 4 main islands (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu)

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15
Q

what is japan’s population in 1600?

A

In 1600, Japan’s population was already about 12 million people
Highest population densities are along the coastlines of Japan

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16
Q

describe japan’s geography

A

Forested mountains, steep valleys cover 80% of Japan
Only 18% of the country is level enough for agriculture and settlement
very distinct + predictable seasons
geographically isolated
Western coast of Japan does not have many places safe for harbours, there are fewer bays and inlets compared to the eastern side

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17
Q

what are the countries surrounding japan?

A

Nearest neighbours are Korea, China, and Russia

Seas between Japan and mainland Asia are very rough so travel is difficult

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18
Q

describe Japanese culture

A

-took parts of different cultures and implemented it into their own
-called the Shinto
-The love of nature is the most important aspect
-Shinto believes strongly in being in harmony with nature
-Shinto is based on the belief that sacred spirits, kami
Amaterasu, the sun goddess, is the most important kami
-Humans become kami when they die, and are honored by their families
-To celebrate and honor the kami, festivals (matsuri) are held throughout the year
-Shinto has no founder and no laws

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19
Q

what are the most beloved flowers in japan?

A

cherry blossoms!

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20
Q

what do cherry blossoms represent?

A
  • New beginnings
  • Beauty
  • Shortness of beauty and life
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21
Q

when do cherry blossoms bloom?

A

they bloom in the spring! festivals are held every year and people visit the cherry blossoms to see them bloom!

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22
Q

describe the Japanese language?

A

-Adopted Chinese characters (writing) called kanji, and then adapted the characters to write Japanese, and now have a system called kana where they use a combination of Chinese and Japanese characters

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23
Q

who are the ainu and what is there culture?

A
  • Nature has a dominant role in the culture of the Ainu (Japan’s indigenous people)
  • Wind, water, fire, thunder, animals, and plants are regarded as gods, called kamy, who visit the earthly world
  • Brown bear is the most important kamuy
  • There are elaborate ceremonies that help to send brown bear back to its own world
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24
Q

examples of Japanese culture

A

-(ex. Japanese art, flower arranging and garden design)

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25
Q

what forms did the shinto take?

A

they took the form of objects in nature such as mountains, trees, stones

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26
Q

how did Japanese people worship?

A
  • Japanese borrow philosophies from Chinese beliefs of -Buddhism and Confucianism (very Japanese style of worship)
  • Buddhist altar called butsudan
  • Small shrine called kamidana
  • Water and rice are left at both as offerings
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27
Q

what matsuri festivals are the most important?

A

spring + fall!

28
Q

what are some of the natural disasters that japan faces and why?

A
  • Japan is located in an area where several continental and oceanic tectonic plates meet!
    (ex. earthquakes, volcanoes and tsunamis)
  • Late summer and fall parts of Japan can get typhoons that cause great damage
29
Q

how do Japanese people cope to the natural disasters?

A

People have learned to be stoic, to learn to adjust, adapt, start over and rebuild.
The Japanese’s ability to adapt to sudden change has become an important theme in Japanese life

30
Q

how did japan prosper without any trade (self-sufficient) ?

A
  • Farmers and fishers provided enough food to feed everyone
  • Wood for building and fuel came from the forests
  • Silkworms and cotton provided materials for clothes
  • Artisans used the available metals
  • Japan may have limited farmland, but what it did have was very fertile
  • Temperate climate and dependable rainfall make a long growing season
31
Q

describe the importance of rice! (5)

A
  • rice is the main food in Japan
  • Even today the Emperor tends a few rice plants, symbolically nurturing the Japanese culture and its people
  • For centuries rice was the Japanese money system
  • For tax purposes, the value of the land was determined by the estimated among of rice it would produce
  • A person’s worth was determined by rice production and a lord’s wealthy was determined by the total amount of rice production on his territory
32
Q

what were the struggles of growing rice?

A
  • Growing rice is labour intensive, requires a lot of time and people power
  • Rice depends on the right amount of moisture, brought by monsoon winds
  • When the monsoons didn’t come, the rice did not grow, and famine followed
33
Q

what are some of the other common foods in japan? (3)

A
  • fish was the main source of protein for the Japanese
  • Another staple was seaweed, which is high in vitamins and mineral salts
  • Soy is another important part of the Japanese diet
34
Q

what are the struggles of travelling in japan?

A
  • Rugged mountains that run down the middle of Japan are a natural barrier for travel
  • Rivers are too fast for trade and communication between people, and most were not navigable
35
Q

why are the Japanese considered a homogenous society?

A
  • they were a great family, unified with common values with similar natures + character
  • Ideas, beliefs, and values as well as goods were exchanged near the sea
36
Q

what was the japan’s main route of travel?

A

the sea! Most of the population lived and lives near the coastline, so the sea provided a communication and trading corridor for them

37
Q

describe the ainu (6)

A
  • the Ainu have lived in the northern part of Japan for thousands of years
  • Ainu had their own separate society and territory, but the Japanese eventually took over
  • Several wars were fought between the Ainu and the Japanese and each time they were defeated
  • The Japanese began a program of assimilation of the Ainu people.
  • Forbidden to speak their language, practice their customs, were restricted to live in areas the government provided
  • Given land to farm, even though they were hunters and fishers
38
Q

what was the area the ainu once lived in?

A

ezochi!

39
Q

describe the present-day ainu

A

Today, the Ainu are considered an official minority and have organizations to promote, and revive their culture, language and

40
Q

describe some qualities that the samurai had

A
  • honor was most important
  • physically and mentally fit
  • Agile, strong, trained and dedicated to his learning
41
Q

what was a seppuku?

A
  • was ritual suicide was seen as a priveledge and regarded as an honorable alternative to humiliation or public shame
  • When committing seppuku the samurai would plunge a small sword into his abdomen and slice it open then, the samurai’s aid would end his pain, by beheading him
42
Q

who was confucius?

A

Confucius is a Chinese scholar whose teachings about moral, and the right way of living were brought to Japan by Buddhist monks

43
Q

what were Confucius ideals?

A

-Teachings of Confucianism played an important role in the acceptance of class distinctions
-Teachings said that everyone had a proper place society
If everyone accepted their duties and obligations there would be peace and order, if not chaos and suffering
Need for proper behaviour
-Practiced through rituals
-Samurai schools and schools for commoners stressed Confucian ideals of duty, especially filial piety

44
Q

what were some Confucius ideals?

A

Encourages people to be modest, work, be compassionate and study hard! + Obedience of authority

45
Q

what was Filial piety?

A

faithfulness and devotion to parents!

46
Q

what were the five basic relationships?

A 
ruler -> subject
father -> children
husband -> wife
older brother -> younger brother 
friend -> friend
47
Q

what were the duties for the five basic relationships?

A

rulers:

  • to be wise + just leader
  • to support + provide for the other
  • to protect the other

subjects:

  • obey
  • respect
  • honor
48
Q

consequences of edo japan values today

A

Children spend little time with their fathers because of the demands of their job
Women have full responsibility for managing the household, and raising children

49
Q

samurai / apprentice -> ???

A

Japanese companies and their employees
Companies expect a lifetime of loyal service from employees
In return employees receive guaranteed lifetime security

50
Q

changes that are coming to edo japan today

A

Men are beginning to question the overtime that they are expected to put in at their job
Challenging the idea of lifetime security by transferring companies
More Japanese women are choosing to remain single
Japanese people are slowly starting to prioritize their individual needs

51
Q

who was the first to meet the japanese? how?

A

Portuguese were the first to meet the Japanese, when their trading ship was shipwrecked on a small Japanese island

52
Q

what other countries started coming the japan?

A

Soon there were Spanish, Dutch and British traders coming, followed by Christian missionaries

53
Q

what was the first encounter like between the Portuguese and the Japanese?

A

At first the Portuguese and the Japan had positive encounters with each other
Very different people culturally and religiously

54
Q

what did the Portuguese value?

A

Portuguese favored competition, individualism and a more flexible social structure - all Renaissance ideas and values

55
Q

who was the Jesuit priest who arrived in japan? what was his mission?

A

A Jesuit priest, Francis Xavier, arrived in Japan in 1549 to start missions to convert the Japanese upper classes to Christianity - daimyo, samurai

56
Q

who converted the poor / lower classes?

A

Franciscans worked with the poor and lower classes

57
Q

describe Portuguese beliefs (4)

A

mostly catholic style of worship
one god
missionaries trying to convert u to Christianity
loyalty to god in heaven

58
Q

describe japanese beliefs (4)

A

shinto worship
kami -> many gods
confucian code of correct behavior
buddhist self discipline

59
Q

describe portuguese + japanese similiarities (3)

A
  • ethical codes
  • rules about right+wrong behaviour
  • murder and stealing are wrong
60
Q

why was there conflict between japanese + portuguese people?

A

Japanese expected total loyalty to their daimyo, emperor, and the shogun
Christian missionaries expected loyalty to God in Heaven

61
Q

what does the bushido code mean?

A

Means “Way of the Warrior”

62
Q

what is the bushido code?

A

Used to describe Japanese code of conduct and way of life of the Samurai
Similar to concept of chivalry

63
Q

describe the qualities of the bushido code

A

Combination of qualities expected of an ideal knight

Courage, honor, courtesy, justice, willingness to help the weak

64
Q

where the bushido code come from?

A

Came from time of peace in Tokugawa Japan and Confucian/Buddhist ideals

65
Q

what was the confucious code focused on (5)

A

morals, education, and strict order in government and society
Emphasize relationships between human beings
Each person has distinct role in society
Believes the past is important
Objective reasoning as basis of learning

66
Q

name 4 samurai qualities

A

Yū -Courage
Jin -Kindness and Compassion
Rei - Respect
Gi-Integrity

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