JD exam 1

Question 1

define juvenile delinquency

Answer 1

action engaged by a minor that if committed by an adult would be a crime.

Question 2

what are the three conceptions of delinquency

Answer 2

Legal, social, developmental

Question 3

what is institutional racism, classism, sexism

Answer 3

systemic inequalities that exist within the structures of society

Question 4

what is individual racism, classism, sexism

Answer 4

refer to personal attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors that reflect prejudice or discrimination against people based on their race, social class, or gender.

Question 5

t/f: the definition of juvenile changes with time and geography

Answer 5

true

Question 6

t/f: status offenses are low-level crimes that are more often committed by juveniles than adults

Answer 6

false

Question 7

t/f: normative conception of delinquency argues the definition of delinquency is an objective fact which everyone agrees

Answer 7

true

Question 8

t/f:The cradle-to-prison pipeline refers to the structural and social issues that make it more likely some juveniles will go to prison than others.

Answer 8

true

Question 9

t/f:The sociological imagination argues we must ignore as much of the outside forces as we can in order to focus on the juvenile if we want to understand delinquency.

Answer 9

false

Question 10

t/f:The juvenile justice system was created under the same philosophy of personal responsibility and deterrence that the adult system was created under

Answer 10

false

Question 11

t/f:The formalization of the juvenile justice system means that juveniles are now treated equally and fairly in the system.

Answer 11

false

Question 12

define: status offense

Answer 12

actions which are considered problematic due to the age of the individual.

Question 13

define: chronic status offender

Answer 13

refers to a juvenile who repeatedly engages in status offenses,

Question 14

define: normative conceptualization of delinquency

Answer 14

Consensus, general agreement about “right” vs “wrong” behavior, particularly related to laws.

Question 15

define: social constructionist conceptualization of delinquency

Answer 15

nothing is inherently delinquent/ deviant.

Question 16

define: critical conceptualization of delinquency

Answer 16

golden rule

Question 17

define: cradle to prison pipeline

Answer 17

a concept that describes the systemic issues and societal factors that increase the likelihood of certain children—particularly those from marginalized or disadvantaged backgrounds—ending up in the criminal justice system

Question 18

define: false confession

Answer 18

individual admits to committing a crime they did not actually commit

Question 19

Describe the social construction of youth in the final era (i.e., Era 5–the 2000s).

Question 20

define: social differentiation

Answer 20

the process by which different social roles, statuses, or categories develop within a society

Question 21

define; social inequality

Answer 21

the unequal distribution of resources, opportunities, and privileges among individuals or groups within a society.

Question 22

define: intersectionality

Answer 22

how your gender, race, and class effect your social experiences and opportunities

Question 23

define: sociological imagination

Answer 23

understanding how personal problems are often linked to broader societal issues.

Question 24

why was there no delinquency in ancient times?

Question 25

How does the reform prioritize “evidence based” strategies?

Answer 25

data driven decision making and accountability

Question 26

In what ways does the reform limit “commitment” (i.e., use of institutionalization)

Answer 26

focused on restorative models

Question 27

define: mens rea/ culpability

Answer 27

"guilty mind." It refers to the mental state or intent of an individual when committing a criminal act

Question 28

Specifically, prior to SB 200, what was the average yearly cost of a bed at a residential facility in KY?

Answer 28

87,000

Question 29

hat were some of the issues KY’s SB 200 attempted to address?

Answer 29

High recidivism, overreliance on institutions, unfair punishments for status offenses

Question 30

define: parens patriae

Answer 30

State should serve as substitute parent when children are DNA or simply cannot control their behavior.

Question 31

How did houses of refuge attempt to reform wayward juveniles?

Question 32

Which era 5 Court case made the Miller v. Alabama (2012) decision retroactive (i.e., allowing the resentencing of all inmates automatically sentenced to life without parole as juveniles)?

Answer 32

Miller v. Alabama

Question 33

Which era 5 Court case prevented the mandatory sentence of life without the possibility of parole for any juvenile defendant (i.e, no matter the severity of charge)?

Answer 33

Montgomery v. Louisiana

Question 34

Which era 5 Court case prevented the use of life without the possibility of parole for non- capital crimes committed while a juvenile (capital crimes are those which adults can receive the death penalty)?

Answer 34

Grahm v. Flordia

Question 35

Which era 5 Court case prevented the use of the death penalty for crimes committed while a juvenile

Answer 35

Roper v. Simmons

Question 36

During what era was adolescence constructed/invented?

Answer 36

child savers era 2

Question 37

How did the consent decree of 1995 change juvenile justice in KY?

Question 38

When and where was the first juvenile court created in the United States?

Answer 38

chicago 1899

Question 39

define:moral panic

Answer 39

Widespread consumption of TV and movies, Politics

Question 40

What "progressive" was responsible for the Placing Out System?

Answer 40

childrens aid society

Question 41

How did confidentiality, victim’s rights, sentencing authority, and waiver to the adult system change during Era #4?

Question 42

List a few "social problems" affecting the state of childhood as illustrated in the film

Question 43

How did the purpose clause of many juvenile justice systems change during the 1980s and 90s?

Question 44

Identify and understand the four core requirements associated with the Juvenile Delinquency Prevention and Control act of 1974.

Question 45

Which Court case, most unlike the others, ruled that a jury trial is not a constitutional requirement in the juvenile justice system?

Question 46

Which Court case decided the standard of proof used in Juvenile Court (i.e., beyond a reasonable doubt instead of a preponderance of evidence)

Question 47

define: retribution

Answer 47

punishment is seen as a deserved consequence of the crime committed

Question 48

define: deterrence

Answer 48

preventing individuals from committing crimes by instilling fear of punishment

Question 49

define: specific/ individual deterrence

Answer 49

preventing a specific offender from committing future crimes

Question 50

define: general deterrence

Answer 50

preventing people in the general public from committing crimes by showing them the consequences of wrongdoing

Question 51

Which Court case applied the issue of double jeopardy to juvenile defendants

Question 52

define: incapacitation

Answer 52

removing an offender from society to prevent them from committing further crimes

Question 53

define: selective incapacitation

Answer 53

identifying and imprisoning individuals who are considered most likely to commit future crimes, particularly those who pose a significant risk to public safety

Question 54

define: general incapacitation

Answer 54

imposing incarceration on a broad category of offenders to prevent them from committing crimes, regardless of their individual risk levels

Question 55

define: rehabilitation

Answer 55

reforming offenders so they can reintegrate into society as law-abiding citizens

Question 56

define: restoration

Question 57

define; competency development

Question 58

deine; panacea

Question 59

What 4 rights were extended via the Gualt decision

Question 60

Which Supreme Court case extended many "basic criminal rights" afforded to defendants in the adult system to the juvenile justice system?

Question 61

What 5 reasons were judges encouraged to consider prior to the waiver as a result of the Kent decision?

Question 62

What were the four rights extended via the Kent decision?

Question 63

Which Supreme Court case was the first heard in relation to the juvenile justice system? You should be able to summarize that case in your own words (i.e., what was the charge, how old was the youth, what "happened").

Question 64

How did the juvenile justice system change during the 1960s, and 1970s & why?

Question 65

List two unique characteristics of the 1960s & 70s in the U.S. and explain how those characteristics influenced juvenile justice at that time.

Question 66

How did lack of resources and reluctant implementation of rehabilitation initially result in a less than adequate juvenile justice system?

Question 67

Describe essential characteristics of the early (i.e., era 2) juvenile cour

Question 68

define: deinstitutionalization

Question 69

How did houses of refuge attempt to reform wayward juveniles?

Question 70

Beyond child collectives and the juvenile court, list two additional policies—implemented by the progressives—which created adolescence

Question 71

Where was the first juvenile justice system (court) in America?

Question 72

During what era was adolescence constructed/invented?

Question 73

How were Black, Chinese, American Indian, Spanish, Turkish, and Slavic youth treated during the child saving (era 2) as discussed in our debrief of Orphan Trains?

Question 74

What "progressive" was responsible for the Placing Out System?

Question 75

Identify at least three unique societal characteristics of America in Era #2 and the social problems of that time that the progressives sought to addres

Question 76

To which three groups did the stubborn child law apply?

Answer 76

children, parents, society

Question 77

What was the penalty imposed for being a stubborn child?

Answer 77

death penalty

Question 78

Where was the Stubborn Child Law passed as part of a larger Body of Liberties

Answer 78

Massachusetts

Question 79

What 4 rights were extended via the Gualt decision?

Question 80

Which Court case applied the issue of double jeopardy to juvenile defendants?

Question 81

Which Court case decided the standard of proof used in Juvenile Court (i.e., beyond a reasonable doubt instead of a preponderance of evidence)?

Question 82

Which Court case, most unlike the others, ruled that a jury trial is not a constitutional requirement in the juvenile justice system?

Question 83

define: biosocial

Question 84

define: synaptic pruning

Question 85

define; prefrontal cortex

Question 86

define; limbic system

Question 87

define; puberty

Question 88

define; melatonin

Question 89

define; maturational deviance

Question 90

define: placing out system

Question 91

define: juvenile reformatories

Question 92

define: quid pro quo

Question 93

define: intermediate sentencing

Question 94

define: warren court

Answer 94

Considerably extended rights afforded in criminal court. Found it remiss to see that adjudicatory hearings were operating in such a different way

Question 95

define: continuum of care

Question 96

define: wrap around model of services

Question 97

define: evolving standards of decency

Question 98

define: diversion

Question 99

define: adjudication

Question 100

define; disposition

Question 101

define: aftercare

Question 102

Where was the Stubborn Child Law passed as part of a larger Body of Liberties?

Question 103

What was the penalty imposed for being a stubborn child?

Question 104

To which three groups did the stubborn child law apply?

Question 105

Identify at least three unique societal characteristics of America in Era #2 and the social problems of that time that the progressives sought to address