Jeopardy Flashcards
1
Q
Molecules with the same molecular formula but a different molecules structure
A
Isomers
2
Q
The carbohydrate monomer used in cellular respiration
A
Glucose
3
Q
What molecule is released when polysaccharides are formed?
A
Water through dehydration synthesis
4
Q
The type of catabolic reactions which requires the addition of water?
A
Hydrolysis
5
Q
Provide an example of a polysaccharide that acts as a structural support component
A
Cellulose
6
Q
This category of fat makes up cell membranes
A
Phospholipids
7
Q
Fat molecules are stored in the body here
A
Adipose tissue
8
Q
Types of fat include phospholipids, triglycerides, waxes and this
A
Steroids
9
Q
Hydrogenation adds hydrogen and turns it into these types of fats which can clog arteries
A
Trans fats
10
Q
Contains less than the max amount of hydrogens and kinks in the chain
A
Unsaturated
11
Q
Phospholipids are termed this because they have polar heads and non-polar tails
A
?
12
Q
This important sterol is converted to bike salts, vitamin D or sex hormones
A
?
13
Q
Humans store glucose in these long polysaccharide chains
A
?
14
Q
The subunit of proteins
A
Amino acids
15
Q
All amino acids have an individual R group and these two functional groups as a terminus at each end
A
Amino, carboxyl
16
Q
A condensation reaction between two amino acids creates this type of bond
A
Covalent peptide bonds
17
Q
What level of protein structure describes when amino acids form polypeptide chains
A
Primary
18
Q
Two distinct shapes arise in the secondary level of protein structure, what are they?
A
Alpha helix and beta pleated sheet
19
Q
In the tertiary level of protein structure, these strong bridges from to create a 3D shape
A
?
20
Q
The term that describes a change to the proteins 3D shape so that it is not functional
A
Denaturation
21
Q
A nucleotide is made up of three key pieces
A
Phosphate, sugar, nitrogenous base
22
Q
The four nitrogenous bases that make up our genetic code
A
Adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine
23
Q
A pairs with T
G pairs with C
What is this called?
A
Complementary base pairing, chargaffs rule
24
Q
RNA has this unique nitrogenous base to replace thymine
A
Uracil
25
What type of binding holds the complimentary base pairs together
Hydrogen
26
Nucleic acids make up this major energy carrier in the body
?
27
Maltose, sucrose and lactose are examples of this category of sugars
Disaccharides
28
Phospholipids are termed this because?
They have polar heads and non-polar tails and are a type of fat
29
This important sterol is converted to bike salts, vitamin D or sex hormones
Cholesterol
30
Nucleic acids ,ale up this major energy carrier of the body
DNA
31
What specific nutrient is involved in making enzymes?
Proteins
32
Substrates bind to enzymes at this location
Active site
33
This type of inhibition involves the inhibitor binding somewhere that is not the active site
Allosteric inhibition
34
Enzymes speed up reactions and lower this value
Activation energy
35
Provide four factors that optimal enzyme performance is dependent on
Temperature, pH, cofactors and substrate concentration
36
Energy released from a reaction like cellular respiration is termed this
Exothermic?
37
Cellular respiration is an example of a downhill reaction. What happens to the entropy value?
Increases
38
A loss of electrons from a molecule is termed this
Oxidized
39
This law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, but instead transferred
First law of thermodynamics
40
ATP is like a rechargeable battery, it is continually replenished by the reaction
Substrate level phosphorylation
41
When muscles contract, ATP is broken down into this
Proteins
42
This is a reaction that involves transferring one or more electrons from one atom to another
Redox
43
Where does glycolysis take place in the cell?
Cytoplasm
44
Describe glycolysis using a few terms
Anaerobic, catabolic
45
Describe the energy investment phase of glycolysis
Glucose activation by sugar splitting. Energy must be out in to get energy out
46
How many ATP are created at the end of glycolysis? Net?
4, 2 net
47
What two 3-carbon molecules are produced at the end of glycolysis?
Pyruvate
48
Name the type of enzyme involved in phosphorylation
Kinase
49
In times of need, amino acids can be used to make pyruvate. The amino group must be removed first by this process
Deamination
50
In times of need, triglycerides can be broken down and the glycerol group can be converted to glucose by this process
Lipolysis
51
Where does pyruvate oxidation take place?
Mitochondrial matrix
52
What waster product is created in PO
Carbon dioxide
53
What molecule becomes reduced in PO
NAD+
54
What molecule enters the Kreb cycle?
Co-a
55
How many turns of the Krebs cycle are involved in oxidizing one glucose molecule
2
56
What molecule is continually regenerated by the Krebs cycle?
OAA
57
How many ATP are produced by the Krebs cycle?
2
| 1 per cycle
58
How many NADH and FADH altogether are created by one turn if the Krebs cycle
4
59
Where is the ETC located?
Mitochondrial membrane
60
What types of reactions move electrons to the final electron acceptor
Redox reactions
61
What is the final electron acceptor in the ETC
Oxygen because it is the most electronegative
62
How many ATP are made by one NADH
3
63
How many ATP are made by one FADH
2
64
How many total ATP are made in the ETC
32
65
The term that describes when hydrogen ions build up one side of the inner mitochondrial membrane
Concentration gradient
| Chemiosmosis
66
Hydrogen ions move down this channel to release their energy to form ATP
ATP synthase
67
What common stage occurs in the both aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
Glycolysis
68
How many ATP are produced by anaerobic respiration
2
69
Name the type of anaerobic respiration performed by yeast and bacteria
Alcoholic fermentation
70
What type of anaerobic respiration occurs in animals
Lactic fermentation
71
Cramping and soreness is a result of the building up of this molecule
Lactic acid
72
Describe photosynthesis using a few terms
Endothermic, anabolic
73
Light reaction occur here
Thylakoids
74
Light travels in these wave packets
Photons
75
The term used to describe when electrons move to a higher energy level
Excitation
| Photo excitation
76
Photo system one absorbs his wavelength of light
700nm
77
This type of electron transfer has the electrons ending at the same place they started
Cyclic
78
The final electron acceptor complex in non-cyclic electron flow
NADP+
79
The only product created by cyclic electron flow
ATP
80
This molecule gives its electrons to PSII with the help of the z protein
Water
81
The dark reactions occur here
Stroma
82
The carbon in glucose comes from this molecule
G3P
83
This specific enzyme combines carbon dioxide to RuBP
Rubisco
84
What molecule is continually regenerated in the Calvin cycle
RuBP a
85
What molecule is created by the Calvin cycle
Glucose
86
What two molecules from the light reactions are needed for the dark reactions
ATP, NADPH
87
What type of reactions occur to reform RuBP a
Regeneration
88
The name of the bond between nitrogenous bases and sugar
Glycosidic
89
The name of the bond between sugars and phosphate groups
Phosphodiester
90
Meselson and stahl proved this model was the correct model of DNA replication
Semi conservative
91
Describes DNA running in opposite directions
Antiparallel
92
Who discovered DNA in 1953
James Watson and Francis Crick
93
Name the molecule responsible for unwinding and separating DNA
Helicase
94
What proteins keep DNA strands from reannealing
Single stranded binding proteins
95
What enzymes lay the primers
Primase
96
What enzymes begin to add complementary nucleotides to the original DNA strand
DNA polymerase 3
97
What enzyme removes the primers and replaces it with the correct nitrogenous base
DNA polymerase 1
98
Why does one side of the DNA have lagging strands
Built opposite the replication fork
99
What are the shirt sections on the lagging stand called
Okasaki fragments
100
What enzyme connects the short sections on the lagging strand together
Ligase
101
What two processes make up the central dogma
Transcription and translation
102
Where does transcription occur
Nucleus
103
What molecule is made during transcription
Messenger RNA
104
Where does translation occur
Cytoplasm
105
What structures read the messenger RNA
Ribosomes
106
What 3 modifications must be made to messenger RNA before it can leave the cell
5' cap
3' tail
Splice
107
Ribosomes look for this region of the mRNA
AUG start codon
108
The ribosomes read three bases at a time called a
Codon
109
Ribosomes signal to tRNA to bring over what structures
Amino acids
110
Mutation involving the addition of bases during DNA replication
Insertion
111
The mutation involving the subtraction of bases during DNA replication
Deletion
112
The mutation involving a change in base but still codes for the same amino acid
Silent
113
A nonsense mutation codes for this codon
Stop codon
114
A mutation causes a change in the reading frame
Frameshift
115
Give two causes of mutations
Spontaneous and mutagenic agents
116
This mutation involves the transfer of a DNA fragment from one side of the genome to another
Translocation
117
Operons consist of these three regions
Promoter operator genes terminator
118
And inhibitor stops this molecule from binding and transcribing genes
RNA polymerase
119
When there is insufficient quantities of lactose where is the inhibitor located
Operator
120
How does the lac inhibitor fall off the operator
Lactose binds to the inhibitor and it changes shape causing it to no longer fit on the operator and fall off
121
When there are sufficient quantities of tryptophan what happens to the inhibitor
The inhibitor binds to the operator causing the production of tryptophan to stop
122
Term used to define the bodies attempt to adjust to a fluctuating external environment
Homeostasis
123
Region of the brain responsible for coordinating many nerve and hormone functions
Hypothalamus
124
Term used to describe making adjustments to bring the body back within an acceptable range
Negative feedback system
125
List the three parts involved in control systems
Monitor coordinating Center effector
126
Oxytocin released during the birthing process is a known example of this less common system
Positive feedback system
127
Term used to define the maintenance of body temperature within an acceptable range
Thermoregulation
128
Give one example of how the body responds to increasing body temperature
Sweating
129
Give one example of how the body responds to decreasing body temperature
Shivering
130
This process breaks down proteins to create wastes like ammonia and urea
Urinary system
131
What organ is responsible for filtering wastes from the blood to create urine
Kidneys
132
This high-pressure Capillary bed is the site of filtration
Glomerulus
133
This cuplike structure surrounds the glomerulus
Bowmans capsule
134
This carries the filtrate from the proximal tubule to the distal tubule
Loop of Henle
135
This tube carries that urine from the nephron to the pelvis of the kidney
Collecting duct
136
What three solutes do not move from the glomerulus into Bowmans capsule
Plasma protein, blood cells, platelets
137
These three processes occur inside the nephron
Filtration reabsorption secretion excretion
138
This hormone causes the kidneys to increase water reabsorption
Antidiuretic hormone
139
This hormone increases sodium reabsorption from the distal tubule and collecting duct
Aldosterone
140
How does the release of aldosterone impact the diameter of the blood vessels and the blood pressure
Aldosterone raises blood pressure
141
What kidney disease is caused by inadequate secretion of insulin
Diabetes
142
These two technologies may help people whose kidneys cannot effectively process bodily wastes
Dialysis
143
These are chemicals released by cells that affect cells in other parts of the body
Hormones
144
The hormone that regulates blood sugar by increasing the permeability of cells to glucose
Insulin
145
These hormones are released in times of stress
Epinephrine norepinephrine and cortisol
146
This gland releases insulin and glucagon
Pancreas
147
This group of hormones made from cholesterol include sex hormones and cortisol
Steroid hormones
148
This group of the hormones is composed of chains of amino acids that include insulin and GH
Protein hormones
149
This gland is referred to as the master gland and is controlled by the hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
150
What to body systems interact to help the body cope with stress
Nervous and endocrine system
151
These nerve cells conduct impulses
Neurons
152
These neurons carry impulses to the CNS
Sensory neurons
153
These efferent neurons relay information to effectors
Motor neurons
154
The term used to describe the simplest a nerve pathway
Reflex arc
155
This term describes the voltage difference along the nerve cell membrane when the nerve cell is excited
Polarization
156
This term is used to define the diffusion of sodium ions into the nerve cells resulting in a charge reversal
Depolarization
157
The term that defines the minimum level of stimulus required to produce a response
Threshold level
158
A nerve or muscle fiber response completely or not at all to a stimulus is known as this
All or none principal
159
These chemicals are released from vesicles into synapses
Neurotransmitters
160
These two body parts make up the central nervous system
Brain and spinal cord
161
This nervous system excludes the brain and spinal cord and relays information between the central nervous system and other parts of the body
Peripheral nervous system
162
The largest part of the brain associated with the senses
Cerebrum
163
The part of the brain that controls balance and coordination
Cerebellum
164
The part of the brain that controls involuntary movements
Medulla oblongata
165
List the four lobes of the cerebrum
Occipital temporal parietal frontal
