JEWS 1938-1940 Flashcards
(21 cards)
1
Q
Anschluss
A
- March 1938
- Banned under ToV
- Achieved without bloodshed- welcomed enthusiastically
> Propaganda and terror campaign began May 1933
> May 1933 1,000 Mark Sperre crippled tourism to Austria dependent on Germans
> Failed coup July 1934; Mussolini began pressuring chancellor to cooperate 35-36 - Plebiscite March 1938 called to showed majority of Austrians were opposed- but when Britain, France, and Italy evidently would not intervene the government resigned and Hitler invaded
2
Q
Effect of Anschluss
A
- Next target was Czechoslovakia after seeing easy win
- By 1939 52K/ 192K Jews left in Austria
3
Q
Sudetenland and CS
A
- After victory in Anschluss, Hitler risked war by demanding Sudetenland September 1938
- March 1939: occupied rest of CS
- August 1939: Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact- USSR not to oppose invasion of Poland which happened in September 1939
4
Q
Voluntary emigration
A
- Early days- making Germany judenfrei was first policy; voluntary immigration
> Strictly controlled but allowed 1933- 1938: 150,000 voluntarily left
> Nazis willing to encourage Zionists to emigrate to Palestine- majority were not zionists so did not - Many German Jews believed persecution was just a short burst of anti-Semitism they were accustomed to
- Countries began raising barriers to limit Jewish immigration
- Contradictory Nazi policies- pressured immigration but made it harder by stripping them of wealth
- Kristallnacht made situation more urgent: 1938-39, 9,000 Jewish children sent to Britain
5
Q
Controlled emigration
A
- Key aim- enabled massive economic exploitation
- After Anschluss 1938 Heydrich used Austria to develop SS policy
- Central Office for Jewish Emigration: 45K/180K Austrian Jews forced to emigrate- seizure of Jewish property used to fund this
- January 1939: Heydrich took over Reich Office for Jew Emigration- promoted emigration by any means; Göring’s jurisdiction over Jews bypassed
- Organisation modelled on methods used in Austria by SS emigration expert Eichmann 1938
6
Q
Registration of Jewish assets over 5000 marks
A
- April 1938
7
Q
Jews lost welfare
A
- 1938- lost entitlement to public welfare
- Increasing unemployed and poor Jews depended on charities by Jews
>Central Institution for Jewish Economic Aid
8
Q
Jew passports stamped with J
A
- October 1938
9
Q
Kristallnacht
A
- 9-10 November 1938
- “trigger” was death of von Rahm who was shot by a Polish Jew
- Goebbels attempt to gain favour after affair with actress
- Propaganda made it seem like uncontrolled anti-Semitism- in reality orchestrated by Nazi leadership and most violence executed by SA and SS men without uniforms
> Careful instructions by Goebbels to not make it appear orchestrated - 91 Jews killed, thousands injured, massive looting that cost millions
> police and firefighters ordered to only intervene if fires spread to German homes
> International Jews to not be attacked
> Synagogues burnt; ordered to preserve archives beforehand
> Many Germans shocked and did not participate - Jews made to clean up and pay reparations of 1M marks
10
Q
All Jewish pupils expelled from School
A
- November 1938
11
Q
All Jewish businesses to be sold
A
- December 1938
12
Q
Jews to change names
A
- 1939
- Men: Israel
- Women: Sarah
- Hitler turned down idea of making Jews wear yellow star- this occured in 1941
13
Q
Ghettoisation of Jews in Poland
A
- September 1939
14
Q
Euthanasia programme authorised
A
- October 1939
15
Q
Jews made to wear Star of David in Poland
A
- November 1939
- Germany 1941
16
Q
IMPACT OF WAR POLAND
A
- September 1939
- New territories for Jews to be settled- emphasis moved from forced emigration to resettlement
- War brought final radicalisation of race policies, providing:
> national emergency and greater dictatorial power with greater secrecy
> Propaganda machine to bring patriotism and hatred of enemies
> way for Germanisation of occupied territories- creating Judenfrei Nazi empire
17
Q
Sections of Poland
A
- Eastern- USSR (Nazi-Soviet Pact August 1939)
- Western Parts- Reich, under rule of Nazi Gauleiters
- Area in middle- General Government of Poland under Nazi Hans Frank- dumping ground for Jews, where most death camps were situated
> Plan to drive Jews and Poles out of West to create Lebensraum
> Vastly increased number of Jews in Nazi Control- nearly 2 million Jews in German occupied Poland
> September 1939- Reich ghetto established for deported Poles and Jews: conditions made bad that most would die
18
Q
DEPORTATION OF JEWS
A
- October 1939- Gestapo chief Müller instructed Eichmann to deport 80,000 Jews; expanded to Czech Jews; Hitler added 300,000 more from Germany and removal of all Jews from Vienna
> impossible, Jews in Poland already big problem - November 1939- February 1940: SS attempted to deport 1 million to east; more than half Jews
> transported facing terrible conditions- impossible to cope with such mass deportation
19
Q
MADAGASCAR PLAN
A
- Removing European Jews to Madagascar island (idea by French anti-semites in late 1930s- but little more than idea)
- Proposed that Madagascar be taken from French
- Vichy France (northern France occupied June 1940): French population taken here to place Jews in Madagascar
- Plan to settle 4 million Jews- sale of Jewish property to fund this; conditions intended to be harsh like ghettos
- Easier than intended move to Palestine since 1936
- British Royal Navy would disrupt mass transportation- attention turned back to east
20
Q
INTENTIONS- Madagascar
A
- proves that intention to exterminate Jews not yet made; different plans considered before final solution
- Driving force behind removal from Europe was to cause death due to harsh conditions- proof that long-term goal was death, no matter where
21
Q
Planned invasion of Soviet
A
- October 1940
- Sending Jews into Siberia
