Jews and Muslims in Chrstian Europe

Question 1

When was the expulsion of Jews in Spain?

Answer 1

1492

Question 2

What is the word for ‘co-living’ that describes the situation in Spain with Jews in society?

Answer 2

Convivencia

Question 3

What was the religious demography of kingdoms in the Iberian peninsula?

Answer 3

4 Christian

1 Muslim

Question 4

What is Lex Saracenorum?

Answer 4

Laws of Muslims

Have to follow secular (Christian) law and their own

Question 5

What is Lex Hebraicum?

Answer 5

Laws of Jews

Have to follow secular (Christian) law and their own

Question 6

How are Muslims defined?

Answer 6

Muslims f Peace and Muslims of War

One that lives in a Christian kingdom and one that doesn’t

Question 7

What does Alfonso X of Castile guarantee for Muslims of Peace? What did this come in the form of?

Answer 7

Security and protection

Property rights, rule themselves by Muslim laws, Muslims judge in disputes concerning only Muslims, right to practice and preach religion, tax reliefs

Question 8

What is the problem that can arise between communities, even if law supposedly protects each?

Answer 8

Law is fine, problems come in the social interactions

Question 9

How much did Jews and Muslims share legally in Alfonso X’s law code?

Answer 9

first four in the other flashcard are the same, difference comes in taxes

Question 10

What were the separate quarters of Jews and Muslims in cities called?

Answer 10

Juderias and Morerias

Question 11

What happened in Saragossa concerning the Juderia there?

Answer 11

So overpopulated and narrow streets that Jews asked to move outside the Juderia (outside the Roman walls)

Question 12

What were the two main features that define Aljama?

Answer 12

1. The community of all the individuals living in a Juderia or Moreria
2. The virtually independent political body that governed the community

Question 13

What created friction in the Jewish communities?

Answer 13

Taxes payed collectively, richer Jews don’t always pay taxes meaning lower down ones had to pay more

Question 14

How does Kenneth Wolf view tolerance of different groups (particularly in Spain)?

Answer 14

Tolerance was ‘pragmatic’ and as a result was “highly vulnerable to changes in political and economic circumstances”

Question 15

What is Iqta?

Answer 15

‘Islamic Feudalism’

Didn’t have nobles like western system, soldiers and land directly under the Sultan’s rule
Introduced slave soldiers to try balance

Question 16

Give the key dates for Sicily

Answer 16

827 - First Muslim settlers
1061 - Norman invasion
1091 - Fully Norman, easy cos Muslims super divided
1220’s - Deportation of Muslims to Lucrea
1240’s last Muslim deported
1300 - Lucrea liquidated

Question 17

Why were Muslims deported to Lucrea?

Answer 17

Good at making armour and weapons

Question 18

Muslims fully controlled Sicily in 960’s, what happened to the Christians and Jews?

Answer 18

They had to pay to follow/practice their religions

Question 19

When was the reign of Roger II of Sicily?

Answer 19

1130-1154

Question 20

What demonstrates Roger’s rule as a cultural hybrid?

Answer 20

People that worked for him were largely Islamic
Crowned in Arabic
Greek architecture 
Latin words in Greek
Depicted as directly under God

Question 21

What languages is the Grizandus inscription in?

Answer 21

Latin, Greek, Hebrew and Arabic

Question 22

Where were court eunuchs from?

Answer 22

Arabic N. Africa

The Norman court in Sicily still used them

Question 23

Were Muslims allowed to practice under Norman Sicily?

Answer 23

Not supposed to

Question 24

Where had a school of Translators?

Answer 24

Toledo - important to stay in touch with Muslim scholars cos they were top boys

Question 25

While Sicily was at the edge of the Christian world…

Answer 25

…It was in the centre of the Mediterranean (hence Greek and Islamic influence)

Question 26

What reputation did Jews have in Christian society?

Answer 26

creation of myths of the desecration of Holy spirits, legends of Christian children being kidnapped and circumcised

Question 27

How did the persecution of Jews develop?

Answer 27

From 13thCE onwards persecution intensified - especially at Easter time

Question 28

Describe the 1320 ‘Shepherds’ crusade

Answer 28

Shepherds come over from France and kill at least 300 Jews in the castle of Monclus

Question 29

What was a consequence of the black death?

Answer 29

Explosion of hate against the Jews

Question 30

What does the 1356 Papal Bull state?

Answer 30

That with “the sins of the Jews there come mortalities and famines”

Question 31

Where was badly hit during the massacres of 1391?

Answer 31

Barcelona = Juderia and Moreria there completely wiped out

The only city that was an exception to the massacres was Saragossa cos king stayed there over summer