Joint and Multinational Forces

Question 1

The greatest lesson of this war has been the extent to which air, land, and see operations Ken it must be coordinated by joint planning in unified command. Attainment of better coordination and balance the now exists between services in a central of national security.

Answer 1

General Henry ‘Hap’ Arnold

Question 2

The Joint Force is composed of significant elements, assigned or attached, of two or more Military Departments operating under a single ___________.

Answer 2

Joint Force Commander (JFC)

Question 3

There are three types of joint forces:

Answer 3

(1) Combatant command (CCMD)
(2) Subordinate unified command (also called sub-unified command)
(3) Joint task force (JTF)

Question 4

A _____________ is established when the scope, complexity, or other factors of the contingency or crisis require capabilities of Services from at least two Military Departments operating under a single JFC.

Answer 4

Joint Task Force (JTF)

Question 5

A ___________ will be the JTF-establishing authority in most situations, but the Secretary of Defense, a
sub-unified command commander, and/or a
commander, joint task force (CJTF), may also establish subordinate JTFs.(Figure 1-53)

Answer 5

Combatant Commander (CCDR)

Question 6

The CJTF usually designates a ___________ to establish unity of command and unity of effort for joint air operations.

Answer 6

Joint Force Air Component Commander (JFACC)

Question 7

When required, the CJTF designates a __________ and

establishes the commander’s authority and responsibilities to exercise Command and Control (C2) over land operations.

Answer 7

Joint Force Land Component Commander (JFLCC)

Question 8

The CJTF may designate a _________ to C2 joint maritime operations.

Answer 8

Joint Force Maritime Component Commander (JFMCC)

Question 9

The CJTF may designate a ___________ or joint special operations task force (JSOTF) commander to accomplish a specific mission or control Special Operation Forces (SOF) in the Joint Operations Area.

Answer 9

Joint Force Special Operations Component Commander (JFSOCC)

Question 10

The Air Force presents the full range of Air Force capabilities to the Joint Task Force (JTF) Commander via an _____________________.

Answer 10

Air & Space Expeditionary Task Force (AETF)

Question 11

The AETF is presented under the command of a single ____________.

Answer 11

Commander of Air Force Forces (COMAFFOR)

Question 12

A ________________ allows the Air Force to prepare and present forces and capabilities to Combatant Commanders globally.

Answer 12

force generation construct (AETF)

Question 13

Document designed to be predictable, transparent, and equitable.

Answer 13

force generation construct (AETF)

Question 14

Allows home stations to reconstitute forces so the capability can be provided on a sustained basis.

Answer 14

force generation construct (AETF)

Question 15

1) Align functional capabilities with deploy-to-dwell ratios.
2) Align AEF battle rhythms and provides increased predictability of vulnerability period.
3) Make Airmen vulnerable for deployment and are deployed based on the need for their capabilities by Combatant Commanders.
4) Ensure Airmen will not deploy for longer periods or more than their capabilities are required.

Answer 15

How a force generation construct allows home stations to reconstitute forces so the capability can be provided on a sustained basis

(This is done by)

Question 16

1) There is a Request For Forces (RFF)
2) Used by a Combatant Commander to obtain forces not already assigned or available in order to accomplish an assigned mission.
3) Deployed in-place operations.
4) Support operations 24/7 worldwide from an individual’s home station.
5) An individual at a CONUS base providing live ISR support for another unit in a deployed location overseas.
6) When the mission is complete, the Airmen are able to leave their duty position and go home at the end of the day.

Answer 16

Non-AEF deployments

Question 17

The AEF Schedule operates on two 12-month life cycles that align with the __________________ and coincide with fiscal years.

Answer 17

Global Force Management (GFM) Cycle

Question 18

Every XX months, a new XX-month AEF Schedule will be established.

Answer 18

12 / 24

Question 19

A __________________ is the largest AETF and consists of multiple Air Expeditionary Wings (AEW) with subordinate Air Expeditionary Groups (AEG) and Air Expeditionary Squadrons (AES).

Answer 19

Numbered Expeditionary Air Force (NEAF)

Question 20

The _______________ is a scalable, tailorable organization with three components. A single, clearly designated commander, appropriate command and control mechanisms, and tailored and fully supported forces.

Answer 20

air expeditionary task force (AETF)

Question 21

The elements of an ATF may be deployed forward into a theater, or some may be available elsewhere, either in theater or even in the CONAS, available via _______________.

Answer 21

reach back

Question 22

The AETF may be a fully combat capable, numbered Air Force-sized composite force fighting a major operation with a substantial in theater presence, as in __________________.

Answer 22

Operation IRAQI FREEDOM

Question 23

It may be a few squadrons of combat aircraft with associated support as part of a standing operation, as in _______________.

Answer 23

Operation NOBLE EAGLE

Question 24

It may be an air mobility-centric operation delivering food and medical supplies in a relief operation, as in _____________, the 2010 earthquake relief effort in Haiti.

Answer 24

Operation UNIFIED RESPONSE

Question 25

An AETC's desired effect might not directly involved combat air power. After supporting the initial insertion of forces into Haiti in 1994, the Air Force's main element in ___________ was a medical unit.

Answer 25

Operation UPHOLD DEMOCRACY

Question 26

It is important to understand that Air Power is flexible in organization and presentation. Because it encompasses a wide range of capabilities in operating environments, it defies a single, general model of organization, planning, and employment. Some assets and capabilities provide relatively localized effects and generally are more easily deployable, and thus may organize and operate with a _____________. Other assets and capabilities transcend geographic areas of responsibility simultaneously, and thus have global responsibilities. Such forces may be better organized and controlled through a ___________. However, at the focus of operations within any region, it is possible to place the collective capabilities of air power in the hands of a single _________ through skillful arrangement of command relationships, focused expeditionary organization, reach back, and forward deployment of specialized talent.

Answer 26

regional model / functional model / airman

Question 27

Marine Corps forces normally conduct operations as part of a _______________, which consists of significant elements, assigned or attached, from two or more military departments operating under a single commander.

Answer 27

joint force

Question 28

Marine Corps forces are usually task-organized and employed as ____________________.

Answer 28

Marine air-ground task forces (MAGTFs).

Question 29

_____________ have unique and incomparable warfighting capabilities; containing organic air, ground, and logistic elements under a single command element, making them integrated and self-sustaining.

Answer 29

MAGTFs

Question 30

All MAGTFs consist of four elements:

Answer 30

Command element, Ground combat element (GCE), Aviation combat element (ACE), Logistics combat element (LCE)

Question 31

The ___________ in a MAGTF task-organizes to provide the command and control capabilities necessary for effective planning, execution, and assessment of operations.

Answer 31

Command element

Question 32

The ___________ in a MAGTF: 1 ) Conducts ground operations 2 ) Only element that can seize and occupy territory

Answer 32

Ground combat element (GCE)

Question 33

The ___________ in a MAGTF: 3) Conducts air operations 4) Projects combat power

Answer 33

Aviation combat element (ACE)

Question 34

The ___________ in a MAGTF: Provides all functions of tactical logistics necessary to support continued readiness and sustainability

Answer 34

Logistics combat element (LCE)

Question 35

A standing naval task group consisting of a carrier, embarked air wing, surface combatants, and submarines as assigned in direct support, operating in mutual support with the task of destroying hostile submarine, surface, and air forces within the group's assigned operational area and striking at targets along hostile shore lines or projecting power inland.

Answer 35

Carrier strike group (CSG)

Question 36

A _____________________ consists of: (a) An aircraft carrier (CVN) (b) Carrier air wing (c) Up to five surface combatants (three of which are normally land attack cruise missile capable) (d) A fleet oiler (e) Direct support submarine(s)

Answer 36

baseline carrier strike group

Question 37

The _____________________ includes: (a) Amphibious assault ship. 1. LHA (general purpose) 2. LHD (multipurpose) (b) Amphibious transport dock (LPD) (c) Dock landing ship (LSD)

Answer 37

baseline amphibious ready group with embarked Marine expeditionary unit (ARG/MEU)

Question 38

The _________ organize to conduct decisive action, which is the continuous, simultaneous combinations of offensive, defensive, and stability or defense support of civil authorities tasks

Answer 38

Brigade combat teams (BCTs)

Question 39

The division or JTF acts as a tactical headquarters that can control up to ______ BCTs in high- or mid-intensity combat operations.

Answer 39

6

Question 40

What act as a BCT's tactical HQ?

Answer 40

The division or JTF

Question 41

The three types of BCTs are:

Answer 41

(a) Infantry brigade combat team (IBCT) (b) Stryker brigade combat team (SBCT) (c) Armored brigade combat team (ABCT)

Question 42

BCT capabilities are ___________ to meet mission | requirements.

Answer 42

scalable

Question 43

Multination Operations are operations conducted by forces of ______________, usually undertaken within the structure of a coalition or alliance

Answer 43

two or more nations

Question 44

Other possible arrangements include supervision by an _______________ such as the United Nations (UN), the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), or the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE).

Answer 44

intergovernmental organization (IGO)

Question 45

Name some intergovernmental organizations (IGO).

Answer 45

the United Nations (UN), the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), or the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)

Question 46

Commonly used terms under the multinational rubric include allied, bilateral, coalition, combined, or multilateral

Answer 46

allied, bilateral, coalition, combined, or multilateral

Question 47

An _____________ is the relationship that results from a formal agreement between two or more nations for broad, long-term objectives that further the common interests of the members.

Answer 47

alliance

Question 48

A ___________ is an arrangement between two or more nations for common action.

Answer 48

coalition

Question 49

_____________ are typically ad hoc, formed by different nations, often with different objectives, usually for a single event or for a longer period while addressing a narrow sector of common interest.

Answer 49

coalitions

Question 50

Although nations will often participate in multinational operations, they rarely, if ever, relinquish ________________ of their forces

Answer 50

national command

Question 51

As such, forces participating in a multinational operation will always have at least two distinct chains of command:

Answer 51

a national chain of command and a multinational chain of command

Question 52

National Command - Who always retains it and cannot relinquish national command authority over U.S. forces?

Answer 52

President, the Commander in Chief

Question 53

Multinational Command - Command authority for a __________________ is normally negotiated between the participating nations and can vary from nation to nation.

Answer 53

multinational force commander (MNFC)

Question 54

There are two key structural enhancements that should improve the coordination of MNFs:

Answer 54

1) Liaison network | 2) Coordination centers

Question 55

_____________ is vital as differences in doctrine, organization, equipment, training, and national law demand a robust liaison structure to facilitate operations for multinational operations.

Answer 55

Liaison Network

Question 56

Benefits of using liaisons for multinational operations:

Answer 56

1) Invaluable confidence-building tool 2) Significant source of information 3) Foster better understanding of mission and tactics 4) Facilitate the ability to integrate and synchronize operations 5) Assist in the transfer of vital information 6) Enhance mutual trust 7) Develop an increased level of teamwork

Question 57

_______________ are a proven means of integrating the participating nations’ military forces into the multinational planning and operations processes, enhancing coordination and cooperation, and supporting an open and full interaction within the MNF structure.

Answer 57

Coordination Centers

Question 58

________________ require unique modes of employment, tactics, techniques, procedures, and equipment and are often conducted in hostile, denied, or politically and/or diplomatically sensitive environments

Answer 58

Special Operations

Question 59

``` What are characterized by one or more of the following: Time-sensitivity Clandestine or covert nature Low visibility Work with or through indigenous forces Greater requirements for regional orientation and cultural expertise Higher degree of risk ```

Answer 59

Special Operations

Question 60

_______________ provide JFCs and chiefs of mission with discrete, precise, and scalable options that can be synchronized with activities of other interagency partners to achieve United States Government (USG) objectives.

Answer 60

Special Operations

Question 61

Short-duration strikes and other small-scale offensive actions conducted as a special operation in hostile, denied, or diplomatically sensitive environments and which employ specialized military capabilities to seize, destroy, capture, exploit, recover, or damage designated targets.

Answer 61

Direct Action (DA)

Question 62

``` Reconnaissance and surveillance actions conducted as a special operation in hostile, denied, or politically sensitive environments to collect or verify information of strategic or operational significance, employing military capabilities not normally found in conventional forces. ```

Answer 62

Special reconnaissance

Question 63

``` SOF support U.S. government efforts to curtail the development, possession, proliferation, use, and effects of weapons of mass destruction (WMD), related expertise, materials, technologies, and means of delivery by state and non-state actors. ```

Answer 63

Countering weapons of mass destruction (WMD)

Question 64

Actions taken directly against terrorist networks, and indirectly to influence and render global and regional environments inhospitable to terrorist networks.

Answer 64

Counterterrorism

Question 65

Activities conducted to enable a resistance movement or insurgency to coerce, disrupt, or overthrow a government or occupying power by operating through or with an underground, auxiliary, and guerrilla force in a denied area.

Answer 65

Unconventional warfare (UW)

Question 66

Participation by civilian and military agencies of a government in any of the action programs taken by another government or other designated organization to free and protect its society from subversion, lawlessness, insurgency, terrorism, and other threats to its security.

Answer 66

Foreign internal defense (FID)

Question 67

The DoD activities that contribute to unified action by the U.S. Government to support the development of the capacity and capability of foreign security forces and their supporting institutions.

Answer 67

Security Force Assistance (SFA)

Question 68

Hostage rescue and recovery operations are sensitive crisis response missions in response to terrorist threats and incidents.

Answer 68

Hostage rescue and recovery

Question 69

Comprehensive civilian and military efforts designed to simultaneously defeat and contain insurgency and address its root causes.

Answer 69

Counterinsurgency

Question 70

DoD activities conducted outside the United States and its territories to directly relieve or reduce human suffering, disease, hunger or privation.

Answer 70

Foreign humanitarian assistance

Question 71

The planned operations to convey selected information and indicators to foreign audiences to influence their emotions, motives, objective reasoning, and ultimately the behavior of foreign governments, organizations, groups, and individuals.

Answer 71

Military information support operations (MISO)

Question 72

Enhance the relationship between military forces and civil authorities in localities where military forces are present. Require coordination with other interagency organizations, intergovernmental organizations, nongovernmental organizations, indigenous populations and institutions, and the private sector. Involve application of functional specialty skills that normally are the responsibility of civil government to enhance the conduct of civil-military operation.

Answer 72

Civil affairs operation

Question 73

Name the Special Operations Core Activities (12)

Answer 73

``` Direct Action (DA), Special reconnaissance, Countering weapons of mass destruction (WMD), Counterterrorism, Unconventional warfare (UW), Foreign internal defense (FID), Security Force Assistance (SFA), Hostage rescue and recovery, Counterinsurgency, Foreign humanitarian assistance, Military information support operations, Civil affairs operation ```

Question 74

__________ is the umbrella term for those regular and Reserve Component Air Force forces, or those units or forces that have since been designated as SOF by the Secretary of Defense.

Answer 74

AFSOC

Question 75

The ____________, U.S. Special Operations Command normally exercises combatant command authority over all AFSOF.

Answer 75

Commander

Question 76

____________ are relatively small forces that may operate independently from other friendly forces.

Answer 76

AFSOF

Question 77

__________ are designed to assess, shape, and influence in foreign political and military environments unilaterally or by working with host nations, regional partners, and indigenous populations in a culturally attuned manner that is both immediate and enduring in order to enable the nation to prevent and deter conflict or prevail in war.

Answer 77

AFSOF

Question 78

________________ may differ from conventional operations in degree of strategic, physical, and political risk; operational techniques; modes of employment; and dependence on intelligence and indigenous assets.

Answer 78

Special operations

Question 79

They employ sophisticated communications systems and special means of infiltration, support, and exfiltration to penetrate and return from hostile, denied, or politically sensitive areas.

Answer 79

AFSOF

Question 80

True or False... AFSOF should complement and not compete with, nor be a substitute for conventional forces.

Answer 80

True

Question 81

____________ are composed of: (a) Special Operations (SO) aviation units (including unmanned aircraft systems). (b) Special Tactics personnel (including combat control teams, pararescue personnel, special operations weather teams, and select tactical air control party [TACP]). (c) Dedicated SOF intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance (ISR) units. (d) Aviation foreign internal defense (FID) units. (e) Support capabilities such as: 1 Command and control (C2) 2 Information operations (IO) 3 Combat support functions

Answer 81

AFSOF

Question 82

The ________________ is the aggregate of individuals, organizations, and systems that collect, process, disseminate, or act on information.

Answer 82

information environment

Question 83

The Information Operations (IO) consists of three interrelated dimensions:

Answer 83

Physical, Informational, Cognitive

Question 84

The ____________ dimension of IO includes, but is not limited to, human beings, C2 facilities, newspapers, books, microwave towers, computer processing units, laptops, smart phones, tablet computers, and any other objects that are subject to empirical measurement.

Answer 84

physical

Question 85

The ____________ dimension of IO represents the content of the information used by the decision maker. Once someone applies meaning to any data element, the data element is transduced into information.

Answer 85

Information

Question 86

The ____________ dimension of IO encompasses the minds of those who transmit, receive, and respond to or act on information.

Answer 86

Cognitive

Question 87

It is the dimension where the C2 of military forces is exercised and where the commander’s intent is conveyed in the IO.

Answer 87

Information

Question 88

_____ is the integrated employment, during military operations, of information-related capabilities in concert with other lines of operation to influence, disrupt, corrupt, or usurp the decision-making of adversaries and potential adversaries while protecting our own.

Answer 88

IO

Question 89

When effectively integrated into operations in the same manner as traditional capabilities, ______ provides friendly forces the ability to collect, control, exploit, and defend information without effective opposition.

Answer 89

IO

Question 90

military action involving the use of electromagnetic and directed energy to control the electromagnetic spectrum (EMS) or to attack the enemy.

Answer 90

Electronic warfare (EW)

Question 91

induce or reinforce foreign attitudes and behaviors favorable to the originator’s objectives.

Answer 91

Military information support operations (MISO)

Question 92

actions executed to deliberately mislead adversary military, paramilitary, or violent extremist organization decision makers, thereby causing the adversary to take specific actions (or fail to take actions) that will contribute to the accomplishment of the friendly mission.

Answer 92

Military deception (MILDEC)

Question 93

process of identifying critical information and subsequently analyzing friendly actions attendant to military operations and other activities.

Answer 93

Operations security (OPSEC)

Question 94

An example of __________ occurred in late 1990, just before the start of Operation DESERT STORM. The media was allowed to cover U.S. amphibious training in the Persian/Arabian Gulf, documenting U.S. force capabilities. An amphibious landing was a viable military option open to commanders, even though it was not the Course of Action (COA) that they ultimately selected. Iraqi forces repositioned to counter the anticipated amphibious assault, when, in fact the real assault occurred where the Iraqi forces had been previously positioned.

Answer 94

MILDEC

Question 95

The central challenge to US prosperity and security is a reemergence of long-term, strategic competition by what the national security strategy classifies as ______________.

Answer 95

revisionist powers

Question 96

_________ a more lethal force. _________ alliances in attract new partners. _________ the department for greater performance in affordability.

Answer 96

Lethal / strengthen / Reform

Question 97

Five Core Missions ``` freedom from attack and freedom to attack: any target anytime: delivery on demand eyes and ears on adversaries total flexibility ```

Answer 97

Air and space superiority - freedom from attack and freedom to attack Global strike - any tat any time Rapid global mobility - delivery on demand ISR - ears on adversaries Command and Control - Total Flexibility

Question 98

AF Priorities: ``` To win any fight any time to increase the lethality of the force to secure our future the lead the worlds most powerful teams because we are strong together ```

Answer 98

``` Restore readiness Cost-effective modernization Drive innovation Develop exceptional leaders Strengthen our alliances ```