Joint And Muscle Flashcards
(105 cards)
1
Q
tendons, ligaments, Type 1 collagen
A
Fibroblast
2
Q
Type 2 collagen
A
Chondroblast
3
Q
bone-forming
A
OsteoBlast
4
Q
bone-destruction
A
Osteoclasr
5
Q
Muscles
A
Mast cells
6
Q
Fat cells
A
Adipose
7
Q
embryo, bone marrow
A
Mesenchyme
8
Q
B, T
A
Lymphocytes
9
Q
WBC, primary “soldier
A
Neutrophils
10
Q
matured form
A
Macrophages
11
Q
found in plasma
A
Plasma cells
12
Q
radius, ulna, femur)
A
Long bones
13
Q
talus, capitate
A
Short
14
Q
scapula, sternum, sphenoid
A
Flat
15
Q
Lumbar
A
Irregular bones
16
Q
Patella
A
Sesamoid
17
Q
Bone properties
A
Calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, water
Provides strength and flexibility
Aging causes decrease
18
Q
Femur
A rounded knuckle-like projection that forms part of a joint.
A
Condyle
19
Q
Vertebrae
A small, smooth, flat surface that forms a joint with another bone.
A
Facet
20
Q
Femoral, humeral
A rounded, ball-like end of a bone, often separated from the rest of the bone by a neck.
A
Head bone
21
Q
A prominent ridge or elongated projection.
A
Crest
22
Q
A projection above a condyle, often serving as an attachment point for muscles or ligaments.
A
Epicondyle
23
Q
A less prominent ridge than a crest.
A
Line
24
Q
A general term for any bony prominence or outgrowth.
A
Process bonw
25
A sharp, slender projection.
Spine
26
An interlocking line of union between bones, typically found in the skull
Suture
27
A large, blunt projection, typically found on the femur.
Trochanter
28
A small, rounded projection.
Tubercle
29
A large, rounded projection, often roughened for muscle attachmen
Tuberosity
30
A large, rounded projection, often roughened for muscle attachmen
Tuberosity
31
A small, smooth, flat surface that forms a joint with another bone (same as in processes).
Facet
32
A hole or opening through a bone, typically for the passage of nerves, blood vessels, or ligaments.
Foramen
33
A shallow depression or hollow, often serving as an articulation point or muscle attachment site.
Fossa
34
A small pit or depression, often for the attachment of a ligament or tendon.
Fovea
35
A canal-like passageway through a bone.
Meatus
36
An air-filled cavity within a bone, lined with mucous membrane, often connected to the nasal cavity.
Sinus
37
A groove or furrow on the surface of a bone, typically for the passage of a nerve, blood vessel, or tendon.
Sulcus
38
These joints permit little or no movement. They provide stability and protection.
Synarthroses (immovable)
39
These joints allow limited movement. They provide both stability and flexibility.
Amphiarthroses (slightly movable)
40
These joints permit a wide range of motion. They are essential for activities that require flexibility and mobility.
Diarthroses (freely movable)
41
These joints are connected by dense fibrous connective tissue, allowing for little or no movement. They provide stability and strength.
Fibrous Joints (slightly movable)
42
These joints are connected by cartilage, allowing for limited movement. They provide both stability and flexibility.
Cartilaginous Joints
43
These joints have a fluid-filled cavity between the bones, allowing for a wide range of motion. They are the most common type of joint in the body.
Synovial Joints (freely movable
44
bones are connected by strong ligaments or interosseous membranes composed of dense fibrous connective tissue. These ligaments limit movement but provide significant stability.
Example: The interosseous membrane between the radius and ulna in the forearm, allowing for some rotation while maintaining stability.
Syndesmosis (fibrous, strong ligament)
45
bones are joined by hyaline cartilage, a type of cartilage that is smooth and resilient. This type of joint allows for slight movement, particularly during growth and development.
Example:
The epiphyseal plates (growth plates) in long bones during childhood and adolescence. These plates are temporary joints that allow for bone growth
Synchondrosis (cartilaginous, hyaline cartilage)
46
bones are connected by a pad of fibrocartilage, a type of cartilage that is tough and shock-absorbing. This type of joint allows for limited movement and helps to distribute forces.
Example:
The pubic symphysis, where the two halves of the pelvis are joined at the front. This joint allows for slight movement during childbirth.
Symphysis (cartilaginous, fibrocartilage)
47
is a tough, outer layer of connective tissue that surrounds and encloses the entire joint. It provides stability and helps to maintain the joint's integrity.
Fibrous capsule
48
is a thin, inner layer that lines the fibrous capsule. It secretes synovial fluid, which lubricates the joint, nourishes the articular cartilage, and helps to reduce friction during movement
Synovial fluid
49
are strong bands of fibrous connective tissue that connect bones to other bones. They provide stability, limit excessive movement, and help to prevent dislocation.
Ligaments
50
is a smooth, white layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the ends of the bones within a synovial joint. It reduces friction, absorbs shock, and helps to distribute forces evenly across the joint.
Articular cartilage
51
are crescent-shaped pads of fibrocartilage found in some synovial joints. They improve congruence between the articulating surfaces, absorb shock, and enhance joint stability.
Articular Disc or Meniscus
52
are masses of adipose tissue located within the joint capsule. They act as cushions, provide additional padding, and help to distribute synovial fluid within the joint.
Fat pads
53
These joints have flat or slightly curved articulating surfaces that allow for gliding or sliding movements in multiple directions
Examples:
The intercarpal and intertarsal joints in the wrist and ankle, respectively.
The joints between the articular processes of the vertebrae.
Arthrodial/Gliding/Plane Joint
54
These joints have a convex surface fitting into a concave surface, allowing for movement in one plane, like a door hinge (flexion and extension).
Examples:
The elbow joint, between the humerus and ulna.
The interphalangeal joints in the fingers and toes.
Ginglymus/Hinge Joint
55
These joints have a rounded or pointed surface fitting into a ring formed partly by bone and partly by ligament, allowing for rotation around a central axis.
Examples:
The atlantoaxial joint between the first and second cervical vertebrae, allowing for head rotation.
The proximal radioulnar joint, allowing for pronation and supination of the forearm.
Trochoid/Pivot Joint
56
These joints have an oval-shaped condyle fitting into an elliptical cavity, allowing for movement in two planes (flexion/extension and abduction/adduction) and limited circumduction.
Examples:
The metacarpophalangeal joints (knuckles) in the hand.
The radiocarpal joint at the wrist.
Condyloid joint
57
These joints have both articulating surfaces shaped like a saddle, allowing for movement in two planes (flexion/extension and abduction/adduction) and circumduction.
Sellar/Saddle Joint
58
These joints have a ball-shaped head fitting into a cup-like socket, allowing for the greatest range of motion in all planes, including flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, rotation, and circumduction
Examples:
The shoulder joint, between the humerus and scapula.
The hip joint, between the femur and pelvis.
Enarthrodial/Ball-and-Socket Joint
59
These joints permit movement around only one axis. They typically involve hinge joints or pivot joints, allowing for flexion and extension or rotation, respectively.
Elbow joint (hinge joint) - allows flexion and extension of the forearm.
Atlantoaxial joint (pivot joint) - allows rotation of the head.
Uniaxial
60
: These joints permit movement around two axes. They typically involve condyloid or saddle joints, allowing for flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, and limited circumduction.
Examples:
Metacarpophalangeal joints (knuckles) - allow flexion/extension and abduction/adduction of the fingers.
Wrist joint (condyloid joint) - allows flexion/extension and radial/ulnar deviation.
Biaxial
61
These joints permit movement around three or more axes. They typically involve ball-and-socket joints, allowing for a wide range of motion, including flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, rotation, and circumduction.
Examples:
Shoulder joint - allows for a wide range of arm movements.
Hip joint - allows for a wide range of leg movements.
Multiaxial
62
active/passive movement, joint stability)
Tendons
63
Lubrication
Synovial sheath
64
collagenous tissue, encloses joint)
a fibrous sac that encloses the entire synovial joint. It is composed of two layers: an outer fibrous layer that provides stability and an inner synovial membrane that secretes lubricating synovial fluid.
Joint capsule
65
are strong bands of fibrous connective tissue that connect bones to other bones. They provide passive stability to joints by limiting excessive movement and preventing dislocation.
Ligaments
66
are strong bands of fibrous connective tissue that connect bones to other bones. They provide passive stability to joints by limiting excessive movement and preventing dislocation.
Ligaments
67
These ligaments are thickened parts of the joint capsule itself.
Example: The medial collateral ligament (MCL) of the knee joint is a capsular ligament that reinforces the medial side of the joint.
Capsular ligaments
68
These ligaments are separate from the joint capsule and provide additional reinforcement.
Example: The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) of the knee joint is a noncapsular ligament that prevents excessive forward movement of the tibia relative to the femur.
Noncapsular
69
is a band of connective tissue that holds tendons in place, preventing them from bowstringing during movement.
Retinaculum
70
are fibrocartilaginous structures found in some synovial joints. They improve the fit between articulating surfaces, absorb shock, and enhance joint stability.
Articular disc
71
is a fibrocartilaginous rim that extends from the edge of the socket in ball-and-socket joints like the shoulder and hip. It deepens the socket, increases joint stability, and creates a suction effect to help hold the joint together.
Labrum
72
is a fibrocartilaginous rim that extends from the edge of the socket in ball-and-socket joints like the shoulder and hip. It deepens the socket, increases joint stability, and creates a suction effect to help hold the joint together.
Labrum
73
Muscle tissue (ability to develop tension in response to stimuli)
Contractile
74
Responsible for contractions
Contractile
75
Connective tissue
Allows for passive movement/loading
Non-contractile
76
Basic contractile unit, between two Z discs
Sarcomere
77
Anisotropic, thick band (myosin)
A Band
78
Isotropic, thin band (actin)
I band
79
Center of sarcomere, anchors thick filaments
M Band
80
Disappears during contraction, contains only myosin
H zone
81
Protein, anchors thick filaments to Z discs, provides elasticity
Titin
82
Muscle length remains constant, tension develops
Isometric
83
Muscle shortens, tension overcomes resistance (work done by muscle)
Concentric
84
Muscle lengthens, tension controls resistance (negative work)
Eccentric
85
Alpha motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates
Motor unit
86
Low threshold, fatigue-resistant, oxidative metabolism
Slow twitch type 1
87
Higher threshold, greater force, fatigue faster, glycolytic metabolism
Fast twitch type 2
88
Small, red, dense capillaries, high myoglobin, slow contraction, slow fatigue (e.g., soleus)
Type 1
89
Intermediate, red, dense capillaries, intermediate myoglobin, fast contraction, intermediate fatigue (e.g., vastus lateralis)
TypeIIA
90
Large, white, sparse capillaries, low myoglobin, fast contraction, fast fatigue (e.g., gastrocnemius)
TypeIIB
91
Cross-sectional area, fiber type
Physiological
92
Muscle fiber activation, rate of motor unit activation
Neural
93
Muscle architecture, force-length relationship, force-velocity relationship
Biomechanical
94
Fibers arranged diagonally to the line of pull (e.g., rectus femoris, deltoid)
Pennate
95
Fibers run parallel to the line of pull (e.g., biceps brachii, sartorius)
Nonpennate
96
Increases the number of fibers per unit area, increasing force potential
Pennation
97
Increased shortening velocity, decreased force
Concentric
98
Increased lengthening velocity, increased force
Eccentric
99
Zero velocity, maximum force
Isometric
100
Muscle cannot shorten enough to produce full ROM at all joints it crosses
Active Insufficienc
101
Muscle cannot lengthen enough to allow full ROM at all joints it crosses
Passive insufficiency
102
Prime mover, produces the desired movement
Agonist
103
Opposes the agonist, controls or slows down movement
Antagonist
104
Assists the agonist, stabilizes the joint, or modifies the movemen
Synergist
105
Stabilizes the origin of the agonist
Fixator
