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PEDS 6031 > Joints > Flashcards

Joints Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

3 requirements for a joint to be a synovial joint

A

1 bones forming joint must be lined with hyaline cartilage at articulating surfaces
2 joint must be enclosed with a capsule creating a joint cavity
3 cavity is filled with synovial fluid

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2
Q

Ellipsoid joint

A

Rounded end of one bone nestled within depression in another bone.

AKA condyloid; biaxial; MTP joints

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3
Q

Synarthrosis

A

immovable joint

fibrous, cartilaginous, or bony fusion
e.g. sutures between skull bones

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4
Q

Amphiarthrosis

A

slightly moveable joint

Fibrous or cartilagnious
e.g. pubic symphysis between pubic bones

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5
Q

Diarthrosis

A

Freely moveable joint, synovial joint

Monaxial, biaxial, triaxial
e.g. ankle joint

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6
Q

Saddle joint

A

Concave aspect of one bone sits on convex aspect of another bone

Typically biaxial; 1st CMC joint (thumb)

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7
Q

Pivot joint

A

Rounded portion of one bone providing axis for another bone to rotate around

Monaxial / uniaxial; atlantoaxial joint (C1-C2 articulation)

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8
Q

Hinge joint

A

Convex aspect of one bone sits within concave aspect of another bone

Typically monoaxial; talocrural/ankle;
knee is complicated, but functions as a hinge joint

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9
Q

Gliding joint

A

Relatively flat surface of one bone slides slightly across relatively flat surface of another bone

AKA Plane; nonaxial (small movements) or multiaxial (any direction); intertarsal joints

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10
Q

Ball-and-socket joint

A

Rounded surface of one bone sits within cup-like aspect of another bone

Triaxial / multiaxial; hip joint

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11
Q

functional joint classification

A

amount of movement permitted at joint

Synarthroses, Amphiarthroses. Diarthroses

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12
Q

most common type of functional joint

A

Diarthroses / synovial

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13
Q

what defines the movement of a synovial joint

A

the articular surfaces

all synovial joints share some structural features (e.g. joint cavity), but the architecture varies

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14
Q

Synovial Joint Structure: Articular cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage covers articulating bone surfaces.

Articular cartilage reduces friction and provides cushioning

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15
Q

Synovial Joint Structure: Joint cavity

A

AKA synovial cavity; Space containing synovial fluid

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16
Q

Synovial Joint Structure: Synovial fluid

A

reduces friction and provides cushioning

also involved in keeping the joint free of cellular debris

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17
Q

Synovial Joint Structure: ligaments

A

intrinsic and extracapsular ligaments reinforcing the joint

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18
Q

Intrinsic ligaments of a joint

A

AKA intracapsular; thickened portions of the joint capsule

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19
Q

Extracapsular ligaments of a joint

A

AKA extrinsic; distinct ligaments outside the joint capsule

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20
Q

Synovial Joint Structure: Nerves and blood vessels

A

Sensory nerves - joint position info
Pain sensors - info on potential problems and injury
Blood vessels - supply synovial
membrane with nutrients
Capillary beds - produce the blood filtrate used in synovial fluid

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21
Q

3 components influencing joint stability

A

shapes of the articular surfaces
structure of the ligaments
muscle tone

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22
Q

muscle tone

A

low levels of muscle activity when at rest; maintains muscle health and readiness to react

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23
Q

1st MTP joint (general)

A

gliding hinge joint, biaxial
primary flexion + extension (sagittal)
also abduction + adduction (transverse)

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24
Q

1st Ray (general)

A

1st MT and medial cuneiform
planar joint
dorsi/plantarflexion and inversion/eversion

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25
5th Ray (general)
5th MT alone Planar joint plantarflexion/dorsiflexion and inversion/eversion slight abduction/adduction
26
Intertarsal (IT) and Tarsometatarsal (TMT) Joint (general)
Planar joints limited motion due to bone shapes, ligaments, muscles total ROM a few degrees of dorsiflexion to about 15° of plantarflexion
27
Metatarsophalangeal (MTP) Joints (general)
Condylar joints metatarsal break = axis through which the MTP joints extend; generalization of the centers of rotation of all of the MT joints varies between individuals from 50° to 70° from the long axis of the foot.
28
Midtarsal Joint (MTJ) (general)
``` AKA Chopart’s Joint, tranverse tarsal joint talonavicular joint (medial, saddle) + calcaneocuboid joint (lateral, saddle) complex joint allowing triplane motion to occur about two distinct axes ```
29
longitudinal axis of the MTJ (function)
inversion/eversion of the forefoot; enables forefoot to adapt and compensate for changes in rearfoot position
30
function of oblique axis of the MTJ
dorsi/plantarflexion and add/ abduction | small amounts of inversion/eversion
31
Effect of subtalar joint inversion/eversion on MTJ ROM
eversion - MTJ axes more parallel; greater ROM in dorsi/plantarflexion in relation to the hindfoot inversion - MTJ axes converge; less ROM flexion and extension possible reason why patients less able to tolerate a varus deformity as in clubfoot; pronated foot is more easily tolerated
32
Subtalar Joint (STJ) (general)
calcaneus + talus triplane joint: pronation + supination planar joint profound effect on joint positions in the rest of the foot and contributes to alternately making the foot a flexible adapter and rigid lever; torsion dissipater position of the subtalar joint axis can affect the relative amounts of tibial rotation
33
STJ ROM influenced by
orientation and number of facets between the calcaneus and talus bones 3 articulations possess smaller amounts of motion 2 facet configurations posses greater amounts of motion
34
why is STJ a Triplane joint
axis of the subtalar joint does not lie parallel to any specific axis but rather is angled in all three axes which allows motion in all three planes
35
talocrural joint (general)
AKA ankle joint talus + tibia + fibula Complex hinge abduction/adduction, eversion/inversion, dorsiflexion plantarflexion; axis shifts with the position of the joint
36
what keeps the foot from contacting the supporting limb during swing phase
slight abduction of the foot during dorsiflexion - ankle joint
37
plantarflexion vs dorsiflexion: when is ankle more stable
Dorsiflexion talus is wider anteriorly so it creates a bony block with the tibia and fibula during dorsiflexion Make note of the structures that limit plantarflexion and dorsiflexion.
38
Knee Joint (general)
tibiofemoral joint + patellofemoral joint Tibiofemoral joint = hinge Patellofemoral joint = planar
39
what restricts lateral motion of the femur on the tibia
bony block: intercondylar eminence of the tibia against intercondylar notch of the femur
40
Which knee meniscus is larger
medial meniscus larger, more oval, wider posteriorly with significant soft tissue attachments that limit posterior migration of medial femoral condyle in knee flexion
41
mechanical function of the patella
lengthen the lever arm of the | quadriceps femoris at the knee
42
Hip Joint (general)
femoral head + acetabulum of the pelvis ball-and-socket joint
43
body's most important force generating joint
the hip
44
How is hip stability accomplished
primarily due to the depth of the socket itself
45
hip labrum function
The hip labrum increases the depth of the hip joint and distributes contact pressure, lessening joint compression
46
body's primary shock absorbing joint
the knees
47
ROM Hip Rotation
Transverse plane Passive internal rotation 45° Passive external rotation 45° Minimum 15-20° rotation
48
ROM Hip flexion
Sagittal plane Passive with knee flexed 100° Passive with knee extended 70° Minimum 30°
49
ROM Hip extension
Sagittal plane Passive with knee flexed 30° Passive with knee extended 20° Minimum 10° with knee extended
50
ROM Knee flexion
Sagittal plane Passive with hip flexed 140-160° Passive with hip extended 120° Minimum 50°
51
ROM knee extension
Sagittal plane Passive with hip flexed 160° Passive with hip extended 180° Minimum 180°
52
ROM ankle
Sagittal plane, knee flexed Passive dorsiflexion 15-20° Passive plantarflexion 40-70° Minimum 10° dorsiflexion
53
ROM rearfoot
``` Frontal plane Passive inversion 20° Passive eversion 10° Minimum STJ Pronate 4° ; Supinate 12° ```
54
ROM forefoot abd/adduction
Transverse plane Passive abduction 15° Passive adduction 30°
55
ROM forefoot inversion/eversion
Frontal plane Passive inversion 25° Passive eversion 25° Minimum MTJ frontal plane motion 6°
56
ROM 1st MTP flexion/extension
Sagittal plane Passive extension 60-80° (70°) Passive flexion 30-45° (30°) Minimum dorsiflexion 35°
57
ROM 1st Ray plantar/dorsiflexion
Sagittal plane Passive dorsiflexion 10-12mm Passive plantarflexion 10-12mm
58
Midsagittal vs parasagittal planes
Midsagittal = median; divides L/R equally Parasagittal = any other sagittal plane
59
during what movement does 1st Ray have greatest ROM
subtalar pronation less ROM during supination
60
during what movement does 5th Ray have least ROM
STJ supination
61
Lisfranc joint
complex consisting of the tarsometatarsal joints and the articulations/ligaments between the joints; stable via keystone configuration of bones

PEDS 6031 (4 decks)

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