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human biology > joints > Flashcards

joints Flashcards

(103 cards)

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1
Q

flexion

A

decrease the angle between two bones -> bending

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2
Q

extension

A

increase the angle between two bones -> straightening a bend

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3
Q

abduction

A

move the body region away from the body´s midline

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4
Q

adduction

A

move the body region towards the body´s midline

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5
Q

circumduction

A

combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction that moves the body region in a circular manner, in which one end of the body region in motion stays relatively stationary while the other end describes a circle.

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6
Q

medial (internal) roation

A

a movement that brings the anterior surface of the limb toward the midline of the body.

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7
Q

lateral (external) rotation

A

a movement that brings the anterior surface away from the midline.

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8
Q

pronation

A

to rotate the forearm so the palm faces backward or down.

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9
Q

supination

A

to rotate the forearm so the palm faces forward or up.

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10
Q

protraction

A

to move a bone forward without changing the angle.

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11
Q

retraction

A

to move a bone backward without changing the angle.

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12
Q

depression

A

to move a body part down

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13
Q

elevation

A

to move a body part up

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14
Q

what are the bones of the upper limb

A
  • clavicle
  • scapula
  • humerus
  • radius
  • ulna
  • carpal bones
  • phalanges
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15
Q

some joints of the upper limb

A
  • shoulder (glenohumeral) joint
  • elbow joint (proximal radiohumeral & Ulnohumeral joints)
  • the wrist (radiocarpal) joint
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16
Q

the main arterial blood vessels of the upper limb

A
  • the subclavian artery
  • the axillary artery
  • the brachial artery
  • the radial artery
  • the ulnar artery
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17
Q

the main nerves of the upper limb

A
  • axillary nerve
  • musculocutaneous nerve
  • median nerve
  • ulnar nerve
  • radial nerve
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18
Q

what type of joint is the shoulder joint?

A
  • a ball and socket joint -> multiaxial
  • involves an articulation (where 2 or more bones meet) between the large sherical head of the humerus and the small glenoid cavity of the scapula
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19
Q

what does the gelenoid labrum in the shoulder joint do?

A
  • it slightly deepens and enlarges the glenoid cavity
  • it is a narrow rim of fibrocartilage around the glenoid cavity
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20
Q

how is the shoulder joint stabilised?

A
  • by the rotator cuff of muscles
  • the long head of biceps brachii muscle
  • bony processes & ligaments
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21
Q

bones of the shoulder joint

A
  • clavicle
  • scapula
  • humerus
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22
Q

clavicle bone

A
  • a long bone
  • has a flattened acromial end near the shoulder and a round sternal end near the midline
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23
Q

scapula bone

A
  • flat bone
  • important for anchoring muscles of the rotator cuff
  • has a bumpy (dorsal) side and a smooth (cotal) side that slides along the ribs
  • lateral side has a smooth round indentation known as glenoid fossa -> where it articulates with the humerus
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24
Q

humerus bone

A
  • long bone
  • runs from shoulder to elbow
  • proximal end articulates with the glenoid fossa of scapula to form the glenohumeral joint / shoulder joint
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25
glenohumeral ligaments
- formed by 3 thickenings of the articular capsule over the anterior surfacer of the joint - superior, middle, inferior - extends from the glenoid cavity to the lesser tubercle and anatomical neck of the humerus
26
transverse humeral ligaments
- thickening of the capsule - runs between the greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus - functions to hold the tendon of the long head of the biceps branchii muscle in the intertubercular sulcus - anterior
27
coracohumeral ligament
- extends from the coracoid process of the scapula to the greater tubercle of the humerus - superior
28
bursae
cushions the area between the rotator cuff tendons and the acromion
29
what are the rotator cuff muscles?
- subscapularis muscle - supraspinatus muscle - infraspinatus muscle - teres minor muscle
30
what do the rotator cuff muscles connect and provide support for?
- connect the scapula to the humerus - support the glenohumeral joint
31
movements of the shoulder joint
- extension - flexion - abduction - adduction - medial rotation - lateral rotation - circumduction
32
what type of joint is the elbow joint?
a complex hinge joint
33
what are the two articulations between in the elbow joint?
- The trochlear notch of the ulna and the trochlea of the humerus - The head of the radius and the capitulum of the humerus - The rounded distal end of the humerus is divided into two joint processes – the trochlea on the medial side and the capitulum on the lateral side. The trochlea forms a tight joint with the trochlear notch of the ulna. On the lateral side, the head of the radius meets the capitulum of the humerus to complete the elbow joint.
34
what is the proximal radioulnar joint?
a pivot joint (one articulation)
35
what is an articulation?
where two or more bones meet
36
where is the proximal radioulnar joint found?
immediately below the elbow joint
37
what is the articualtion in the proximal radioulnar joint between?
- The head of radius and the radial notch of the ulna - The radial head is held in place by the annular ligament, a ring-like ligament that encircles the head of the radius; it holds the head of the radius in the radial notch of the ulna.
38
what do the anterior arm muscles cause the elbow joint to do?
flex the forearm
39
where are the anterior arm muscles located?
go from the scapula and humerus and insert onto the anterior radius or ulna
40
what do the posterior arm muscles cause the elbow joint to do?
extend the forearm
41
where are the posterior arm muscles located?
from scapula and humerus and insert onto the posterior radius or ulna
42
movements of the elbow joint
- flexion - extension
43
which muscles are involved in the flexion of the forearm?
- biceps brachii - brachialis - brachioradialis
44
which muscles are involved in the extension of the forearm?
- triceps brachii - anconeus
45
how is movement at the proximal radioulnar joint produced?
by the head of the radius rotating within the annular ligament -> allows for pronation and supination of the forearm
46
movements of the proximal radioulnar joint
- pronation - supination
47
which muscles are involved in pronation of the forearrm?
- pronator quadratus - pronator teres
48
which muscles are involved in supination of the forearm?
- supinator - biceps brachii
49
which movement is produced when the radius bone leaves anatomical position and rotates across the ulna?
pronation
50
wrist joint
- complex joint - bridges hand to the forearm - collection of multiple bones
51
what is the radius?
- a long bone of the forearm - located on the lateral side
52
what are carpals?
- 8 cube shaped short bones - at the most proximal end of the hand that forms the wrist - as long as they are wide
53
carpal bone mnemonic
Straight Line To Pinky, Here Comes The Thumb = - Scaphoid - Lunate - Triquetrum - Pisiform - Hamate - Capitate - Trapezoid - Trapezium
54
metacarpals
- 5 long bones that form the palm of the hand - each associated with a digit - 5 digits = 4 fingers + pollux (thumb) -> phalanges
55
phalanges (phalanx)
- long bones - form the "digits"
56
primary extrinsic ligaments in the wrist
- Dorsal radiocarpal ligament (between radius and carpal bones) - Radial collateral ligament (between the radius and scaphoid/trapezium) - Palmar radiocarpal ligament (between radius and carpal bones) - Ulnar collateral ligament (between the ulna and triquetrum/pisiform)
57
movements at the wrist joint
- flexion - extension - ulnar deviation (adduction) - radial deviation (abduction)
58
how do movements in the wrist occur?
performed by prime mover muscles of the forearem
59
anterior wrist flexor muscles
- flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU) -> flexion and adduction - flexor carpi radialis (FCR) -> flexion and abduction - palmaris longus (PL) -> flexion
60
wrist extension muscles
- extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL) -> extension and abduction - extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) -> extension and abduction - extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) -> extension and adduction
61
which muscles help produce wrist abduction?
- flexor carpi radialis - extensor carpi radialis brevis - extensor carpi radialis longus
62
bones of the lower limb
- ilium - ischium - pubis - femur - tibia - fibula - tarsals - metatarsals - phalanges
63
joints of the lower limb
- hip joint - knee joint - ankle joint
64
main arteries of the lower limb
- external iliac artery - femoral artery - popliteal artery - anterior and posterior tibial arteries
65
main nerves of the lower limb
- femoral nerve - sciatic nerve - common peroneal (fibular) nerve - deep peroneal (fibular) nerve - tibial nerve
66
what type of joint is the hip joint?
a ball and socket synovial joint
67
which bones are involved in the hip joint?
articulation between the head of the femur and acetabulum of the pelvis
68
what is the acetabular labrum?
- a fibrocartilage rim - attached to the margin of the acetabulum - enhances the depth of the acetabulum - acetabular labrum supported by the transverse ligament of the acetabulum
69
mobility of the hip
- does not have such a large range of motion - designed to be a stable-weight bearing joint (-> articular capsule thickended into several distinct ligaments - bone interlocking -> lower range of movement - difficult to dislocate -> man ligaments stabilise it
70
ligaments of the hip joint
- iliofemoral - pubofemoral - ischiofemoral
71
muscles of the hip joint
- gluteus maximus - gluteus medius - gluteus minimus
72
additional hip joint muscles
- adductor muscles (very powerful) - bisceps femoris muscle (hamstring) - semitendinosus muscle (hamstring) - semimembranosus muscle (hamstring)
73
movements at the hip jont
- flexion - extension - abduction - adduction - lateral rotation - medial rotation - cirumduction
74
which combination of muscles are involved in laterally rotating the hip?
- biceps femoris - gluteus maximus - deep gluteals
75
what type of joint is the knee joint?
modified hinge joint - 3 joints all combined in one synovial cavity
76
articulations of the knee joint
between: -The lateral condyle of the femur, lateral meniscus, and lateral condyle of the tibia - The medial condyle of the femur, medial meniscus and medial condyle of the tibia - The patella and the patellar surface of the femur
77
articulation between femur and tibia
- weight-bearing - 2 fibrocartilaginous menisci on each side between femoral condyles and tibia accommodating changes in the shape of the articular surfaces during movement
78
articulation between patella and femur
- allows pull of the quadriceps femoris muscle to be directed anteriorly over the knee to the tibial tuberosity without tenodon wear
79
ligaments of the knee joint
- patellar ligament - collateral ligament - tibial (medial) collateral ligament - fibular (lateral) collateral ligament - cruciate ligaments -> anterior and posterior cruciate ligament
80
joints of the knee joint
- lateral tibiofemoral joint (between lateral condyle of femur and lateral condyle of tibia) - medial tibiofemoral joint (between medial condyle of femur and same of tibia) -> both modifed hinge joints - patellofemoral joint (between patella and patella surface of the femur) -> planar joint
81
fibrocartilage on tibia
- provide smooth surface - lateral & medial meniscus
82
transverse ligament of the knee
connects the lateral and medial meniscus
83
what is the role of the collateral ligaments of the knee?
prevent side to side movement of the knee
84
lateral and medial patellar retinaculum
- fused tendons of quadriceps muscle
85
patellar ligament
strengthens the anterior part of the joint
86
posterior ligaments
- oblique popliteal ligament - arcuate popliteal ligament - strengthen posterior part of the knee joint
87
2 categorised groups of the knee muscle
- anterior muscle group -> quadricep muscles - posterior muscle group -> hamstring muscles
88
quadricep muscles (knee joint)
- rectus femoris - vastus lateralis - vastus medialis - vastus intermedialis
89
hamstring muscles (knee joint)
- semitendinosus - semimembranosus - biceps femoris
90
movements of the knee
- extension - flexion - lateral rotation - medial rotation
91
when can lateral and medial rotation occur?
- only when the knee is flexed - if knee if not flexed, medial/lateral rotation will occur at the hips
92
what type of joint is the ankle joint?
- a hinge synovial joint - talocrural joint - formed by distal ends of tibia and fibula with the talus - strong and stable joint -> due to shapes of the articulating bones, ligamant and tendon strength
93
articulations of the ankle joint
- The distal end of the tibia and its medial malleolus with the talus - The lateral malleolus of the fibula with the talus
94
tarsal bones of the foot
- talus - calcaneus - lateral, intermediate and medial cuneiforms - navicular - cuboid
95
ligaments of the ankle joint
- medial (delatoid) ligament - lateral ligament -> anterior and posterior talofibular and calcaneofibular
96
2 main movements of the ankle
- plantarflexion - dorsiflexion NOTE: these are the only movements that occur at the ankle joint -> eversion and inverison occur at the tarsal joints
97
muscles involved in plantarflexion (extension)
muscles in posterior compartment of the leg - Gastrocnemius - Soleus - Plantaris - Tibialis posterior (deep to Soleus)
98
dorsiflexion
muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg - Tibialis anterior - Extensor hallucis longus - Extensor digitorum longus
99
long bones
- identified by two epiphyses (ends) and diarohysis (shaft) - hollow diphysis= stores yellow fat in medullary cavity - compact bone = surrounds medullary cavity to form the length of the diaphysis
100
short bones
- approximately equal in length and width - made of cortical bone surrounding spongy bone tissue and bone marrow
101
flat bones
- provide structural stability and are important sites for red blood cell production
102
irregular bones
- non-uniform & complex shape - do not have easily characterized shape -> do not fit any classification - fit together like pieces of a puzzle to work togethr as a functional unit in the spine
103
functions of bone
- support - protection - assisting in movement - storage of minerals - red blood cell production - storage of chemical energy

human biology (11 decks)

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