Joints

Question 1

Functions of Joints (Articulations)

Answer 1

1) Bind parts of the skeleton together
2) Allow for bone growth
3) Permit parts of the skeleton to change shape during childbirth
4) Enable the body to move in response to skeletal muscle contraction

Question 2

Classification of Joints

Answer 2

• Structural
• Functional

Question 3

Structural Classifications

Answer 3

• Fibrous joints
• Cartilaginous joints
• Synovial joints

Question 4

Fibrous joints

Answer 4

dense connective tissue connecting bones in close contact

Question 5

Cartilaginous joints

Answer 5

hyaline or fibrocartilage connecting bones

Question 6

Synovial joints

Answer 6

most complex, widest range of movement; joint cavity contains synovial fluid; DIATHROTIC

Question 7

Functional classification

Answer 7

• Synarthrotic
• Amphiarthrotic
• Diathrotic

Question 8

Synarthrotic

Answer 8

immovable joints

Question 9

Amphiarthrotic

Answer 9

slightly movable

Question 10

Diathrotic

Answer 10

freely movable

Question 11

Fibrous joints (types)

Answer 11

• Syndesmosis
• Suture
• Gomphosis

Question 12

Syndesmosis (Fibrous, description)

Answer 12

• sheet or bundle of fibrous tissue that connects bones
• AMPHIARTHROTIC

Question 13

Syndesmosis (Fibrous, example)

Answer 13

between radius and ulna; between tibia and fibula

Question 14

Suture (Fibrous, description)

Answer 14

• between flat bones
• SYNARTHROTIC
• thin layer of CT connects bones until they ossify

Question 15

Suture (Fibrous, example)

Answer 15

b/w bones of upper skull

Question 16

Gomphosis (Fibrous, description)

Answer 16

• cone-shaped bony process in socket
• SYNARTHROTIC

Question 17

Gomphosis (Fibrous, example)

Answer 17

tooth in jaw

Question 18

Cartilaginous joints (types)

Answer 18

• Synchondrosis
• Symphysis

Question 19

Synchondrosis (Cartilaginous, description)

Answer 19

• bands of hyaline cartilage uniting bone
• SYNARTHROTIC

Question 20

Synchondrosis (Cartilaginous, example)

Answer 20

epiphyseal plate; between manubrium and 1st rib

Question 21

Symphysis (Cartilaginous, description)

Answer 21

• pad of fibrocartilage between bones
• AMPHIARTHROTIC

Question 22

Symphysis (Cartilaginous, example)

Answer 22

pubis symphysis; intervertebral discs

Question 23

Synovial joints (description)

Answer 23

• all are DIARTHROTIC
• joint cavity contains SYNOVIAL FLUID within a synovial membrane (reduces friction)
• surrounded by a joint capsule (fibrous layer) for support

Question 24

Synovial joints (types)

Answer 24

• Ball-and-Socket
• Condyloid
• Gliding/Plantar
• Hinge
• Pivot
• Saddle

Question 25

Ball-and-Socket Joint (example)

Answer 25

hip; shoulder

Question 26

Condyloid Joint (example)

Answer 26

b/w metacarpals and phalanges

Question 27

Gliding/Plantar Joint (example)

Answer 27

b/w carpals; b/w tarsals

Question 28

Hinge Joint (example)

Answer 28

elbow; b/w phalanges

Question 29

Pivot Joint (example)

Answer 29

b/w atlas and axis; b/w proximal ends of the radius and ulna

Question 30

Saddle Joint (example)

Answer 30

b/w carpal and metacarpal of the thumb

Question 31

Shoulder Joint

Answer 31

- Ball-and-Socket - b/w head of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula - loose joint capsule with ligaments to prevent displacement - widest range of movement

Question 32

Elbow Joint

Answer 32

- Hinge joint (humeroulnar) - Gliding/Hinge joint (humeroradial) - Pivot joint (radioulnar) - Flexion, extension, rotation (supination and pronation)

Question 33

Hip Joint

Answer 33

- Ball-and-Socket - b/w head of femur and acetabulum of coxa - heavy joint capsule with many reinforcing ligaments - less freedom of movement than shoulder

Question 34

Knee Joint

Answer 34

- largest, most complex joint (very vulnerable to injury) - b/w condyles on distal end of femur and condyles on proximal end of the tibia - femur articulates anteriorly with patella - includes bursa to prevent friction - modified hinge joint - flexion, extension, little rotation - strengthened by many ligaments

Question 35

Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)

Answer 35

- comes between condyles of the tibia (posterior to anterior connection) - stabilizes the knee joint by preventing excessive forward movement of the tibia and limits rotational movements

Question 36

Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL)

Answer 36

- upside down Y - stabilizes the knee joint by preventing the tibia from slipping too far back in relation to the femur

Question 37

Medial (Tibial) Collateral Ligament (MCL)

Answer 37

- runs from the inside surface of the upper tibia to the inner surface of the lower femur - stabilizes the knee joint by preventing the leg from extending too far inward

Question 38

Lateral (Fibular) Collateral Ligament (LCL)

Answer 38

- runs from the inside surface of the upper fibula to the inner surface of the lower femur - stabilizes the knee joint by preventing the leg from extending too far outward

Question 39

Meniscus

Answer 39

- between the femur and the tibia (looks like two cups, medial and lateral) - provide increased stability, distribute weight load, absorb shock, and provide lubrication of the knee joint (reduce friction)