Joints

Question 1

Joint

Answer 1

a joint or articulation is a point of contact between two bones or bone and teeth

Question 2

Arthritis

Answer 2

Joint inflammation

Question 3

Arthroplasty

Answer 3

Replace of existing joint with artificial

Question 4

Arthoroscopy

Answer 4

look inside

Question 5

Arthraliga

Answer 5

joint pain

Question 6

Osteoarthritis

Answer 6

articulating cartilage breaks done and bone is exposed. Bone wears against the joint surface.

Question 7

Synovitis

Answer 7

inflammation of synovial

Question 8

ROM

Answer 8

Range of motion

Question 9

Joint Structural Classifications

Answer 9

1. Joints are classified based on the presence or absence of space between articulating bones called a synovial cavity.
2. Type of connective tissue binding bones together

Question 10

Fibrous/Cartilaginous/Synovial Joints

Answer 10

Fibrous: No synovial cavity and bones are held together via a dense irregular connective tissue.
Cartilaginous Joint: No synovial cavity and bones held by cartilage.
Synovial: Synovial cavity present, and bones held together by dense irregular connective tissue of articulating capsules and accessory ligaments. Bones covered via hyaline cartilage

Question 11

Joint Classifications: Function

Answer 11

1. Synarthrosis ( immovable)
2. Ampiarthrosis (slightly moveable)
3. Diarthrosis (synovial joints that are freely moveable)

Question 12

Fibrous Joints

Answer 12

Fibrous joints are composed of thin layer of dense irregular tissues.
1. Sutures: fibrous, held together via short fibers in skull. Short, edges
- Synostosis: replace suture with boney tissue ( begin as amphiarthric become synarthic)
- interlocking irregular boders give sutures strength to avoid fracture.
2. Syndemosis: fibrous joint where there is more space between bones and more dense irregular tissue than sutures.
- The irregular issue is arrnaged in bundle to form ligaments preventing much movement. Tibiofibular ligament
- Gomphoses: Also referred to as periodontal joint, forms the root of the tooth and the mandible.
- Dentoalveolar Joint: join between the tooth and the socket.
- Interosseous membranes: Large sheet of dense irregular tissue found between bones.

Question 13

Cartilaginous Joints

Answer 13

Lacks a synovial cavity and allows no movement, articulations are tightly bound with fibrocartilage or hyaline.
1. Synchondrosis: articulation where the articulating cartilage is hyaline cartilage. ( epiphyseal plate , rib, manubrium, immovable joints, become boney in life)
2. Symphyses: articulating where the ends of bones are covered in hyaline cartilage but there is a large fibrocartilage disc connecting bones. (pubic symphysis, interveterbal discs, slightly moveable joints)

Question 14

Synovial Joints

Answer 14

Synovial joints are unique and have synovial capsules between articulating bones. Allows for:
- increased movement
- Bones in joints are covered by aritculating cartilage (hyaline)
- Provides friction free movement
- Contains synovial fluid
Articular Capsule: surrounds synovial joint and encloses the synovial cavity.
1. Fibrous Membrane: dense irreg. attaches the periosteum of bones. Allows for movement and provides strength in one direction.
2. Ligaments: fibrous membranes arranged in bundles resit strain. Holds synovial joints together.
3. Synovial Membrane: inner layer of capsule composed of areolar tissue, adipose fat pads.

Question 15

Synovial Fluid

Answer 15

• Secreted via synovial membrane
• Has Hyaluronic acid secreted by fibroblasts
  Functions:
  1. Reduce friction through lubrication
  2. Absorb shock
  3. Supplies oxygen, nutrients
  4. Remove CO2 and waste products
  5. Contain phagocytic cells to remove debris

Question 16

Accessory Ligaments

Answer 16

1. Extra capsular Ligaments: Lie outside of articulating capsules ( FIbula, tibia, collateral ligaments)
   - TCL (MCL): Tibial Collateral Ligament: Prevent Medial movement of Tibia.
   - FCL (LCL): Fibula Collateral Ligament: Prevent lateral movement of tibia
2. Intracapsular Ligaments: inside the articulating capsule.
   - ACL: Anterior Cruciate Ligament- prevent knee hyperextension
   - PCL: Posterior Cruciate Ligament- prevents tibia from sliding behind femor

Question 17

Articulating Discs

Answer 17

Menisci articulating disc: crescent shaped fibrocartilage lis behind articulate surfaces and attaches to fibrous capsule.

Question 18

Functions of Articulating Discs:

Answer 18

1. Shock Absorption
2. Better fit between articulating discs
3. Weight distribution
4. Compound Movements
5. Evenly spread synovial fluid

Question 19

Labra (Labrum)

Answer 19

Ball and socket joints (hip and shoulder)
- fibrocartilage lip. extends from edge of the socket
- Helps to deepen the joint and increase surface area of contact between the socket and the ball.

Question 20

Bursa and Tendon sheaths

Answer 20

Bursae: saclike structures filled with little fluid
- Between skin and bones, tendons and bones, muscles and bones or bones and ligaments
- Reduces friction
Tendon Sheath: Synovial sheath reduce join friction.
- tube-like bursa that wrap tendons
- wrists, ankel, fingers

Question 21

Synovial Joint Types

Answer 21

1. plane joint–> non-axial movement (back/forth and side-side) Ex: intercarpal joints, intertarsal joint,

Question 22

Hinge Joint

Answer 22

Convex surface of one bone fits into concave of another. Produced opening/closing movement or uni-axial movement (flex/extension). One bone remains still while other moves around axis. Ex: knee, elbow, ankle, interphalengeal joint

Question 23

Pivot Joint

Answer 23

Rounded or pointed surface of one bone articulates with ring formed by another bone and by liagment. Produces uni-axial movement (rotation) Ex: atlanto-axial joint and radioulnar joint

Question 24

Condylar Joint

Answer 24

The convex oval-shaped projection of one bone fits into oval depression of another. Permits bi-axial movement, 2 axis Ex: radiocarpal joint and metacarpophalengeal joint

Question 25

Saddle Joint

Answer 25

Articular surface of one bone is saddle-shaped and the articular surface of other fits into the saddle shape. Permits bi-axial movement , flexion, extension Ex: carpalmetcarpal thumb joint and calcaneocubboial joint

Question 26

Ball and Socket Joint

Answer 26

Ball like structure on one bone fits into socket of another. Multiaxial movement Ex: shoulder and hip joint

Question 27

Factors affect ROM in Synovial Joints

Answer 27

1. Structure and shape of articulating bones: determines how close they fit 2. Arrangement and tension of muscle: muscle tension puts restraint on by joint ligaments 3. Hormones: effect joint flexibility 4. Strength and tension of joint ligaments: lig. guide mov. 5. Contact of soft parts: point where one pience comes in contact and restict ROM 6. Disuse

Question 28

TMJ Joint

Answer 28

- Joint between the temporal and mandible bone - (formed by condlyoid process of mandible and tubercle of temporal) - Only joint that moves in skull - Can do compound movements due to articulator disc made of fibrocartilage. - Hinge Joint combined with planar joint type

Question 29

Shoulder Joint

Answer 29

- Ball and socket - Formed by the head of humorous with the glenoid cavity --> articu. sites - Allow to become most flexible joint in body--> largest ROM - Labrum secures the humorous head - Rotator cuff muscles stabilize this joint

Question 30

Elbow

Answer 30

- Articualtion sites: head of the radius joins the capitulum and the torchelar notch of ulna joints trochela on humerous - Allows for flexion, extension (Hinge Joint) - Ligaments: ulnar collateral ligament joins medial epicondyle of humorous, annular ligament stablize by holding radius to ulna and allows for supination without separation.

Question 31

Hip Joint

Answer 31

- Ball and socket joint - Head of femur articulates with the pelvis acetabulum - Dense Fibrous capulses hold femur are strongest liagment - acetabular labrum wraps around femor and deepends ball-socket. - Ligamentum Capitis Femoris attaches to the fovea capitisi: holds femur head into acetabulum prevent dislocation

Question 32

Knee Joint

Answer 32

- Three joints 1. Tibia Femoral Joint: Between medial condyle of femur and medial condyle of tibia. 2. Tibiafemoral joint: between lateral condyle of femur and lateral condyle of tibia 3. Pattelofermoral Joint: between femur and patella Ligaments of knee: Extra capsular ligaments: 1. FCL (TCL) Fibular Collateral Ligament: fibia to femur , prevent lateral motion of knee 2. TCL Tibial Collateral Ligament: femur to tibia , prevent medial knee rotation 3. Patellar Ligament: quadriceps attach to patellar lig. and goes from top of quadricep to inserts onto the tibial tuberosity. Increases knee strength on the front portion Intracapsular Ligaments: 1. ACL: Anterior cruciate ligament: prevent anterior sliding tibia ( knee hyperextension) 2. PCL: Posterior cruciate ligament: protect posietior tibia sliding ( knee hypoextension)

Question 33

Arthritis

Answer 33

Joint inflammation - Decrease ROM, increase heat, pain, swelling

Question 34

Osetoarthris and Rheumatoid

Answer 34

Osteoarthritis: occurs when smooth hyaline cartilage joint surface wears out. begins in isolation Rheumatoid: autoimmune disease, attacks bodies synovial membranes that protects joints

Question 35

Osteoarthritis Signs

Answer 35

1. Creptis Bone: bone grinding 2. Osteophytes: bone spurs which decrease ROM 3. Joint Mice: loose hyaline cartiage

Question 36

Rhematoid Arthritis

Answer 36

1. Increase in fibrous: higher collagen leads to pannus formation 2. Anklyosis: no bone remodelling , osteophorsis in future

Question 37

Gout

Answer 37

Inflammatory diease cause by high uric acid , cause swelling.