joints Flashcards
(22 cards)
what are the 4 types of joints and which 3 are synovial joints?
- fixed/immovable joint
- hinge joint (synovial)
- gliding joint (synovial)
- ball and socket joint (synovial)
what is a joint ?
where two or more bones meet allowing movements to occur
explain what is found in a typical synovial joint?
- cartilage - acts as a shock absorber and reduces friction
- tendons - join muscle to bone, enabling movement
- ligaments join bone to bone stabalising the joint
- synovial fluid - lubricates the joint
- synovial membrane - produces synovial fluid
- fibrous capsule - supports and protects the joint
explain the gliding joint and give an example
Joints between bones at flat or nearly flat surfaces
Allow the bones to glide past one another in any direction along the plane of the joint
E.g. wrist and ankle
explain the hinge joint and give an example
common class of synovial joint that includes the ankle plantar flexion and dorsiflexion, elbow and knee joints.
Hinge joints are formed between two bones where they can only move along one axis the flex or extend.
explain the ball and socket joint and give an example
shaped to allow the highest freedom of motion (shoulder and hip)
- lots of muscle and support needed for support of such flexible joints.
explain the immovable/fixed joint and give an example
fibrous connective tissue or cartilage between the bone surfaces. Movement is absent or limited, and a joint cavity is lacking.
located where movement needs to be prevented (skull)
what are the 2 types of arthritis ?
osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis
what are 3 symtoms of athritis
Joint Pain
Stiffness
Discomfort
what is the difference between osteoarthritis and Reumatoid athritis?
Osteoarthritis, the most common form of arthritis, involves the breakdown of joint cartilage, while rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks the joint lining, causing inflammation
what is osteoarthritis, what causes it, risk factos, treatments ?
osteoarthritis is a degenerative irreversible condition!
- CAUSED by repeated vigorous exercise wearing away the articular cartilage and often the articulating surfaces of bones
- cartilage and glycoprotien is being broken down faster than its being replaced
- the breakdown of products are released into the joint cavity causing inflamation
- ligaments thicken and bone spurs grow
.
RISK FACTORS :
age, being overweight, repeated flexing of a joint
.
TREATMENT:
- non-steroid anti-inflamatory drugs = aspirin
- structured exercise plan with physiotherapist
- Joint replacement
what is Reumatoid arthritis, what causes it, risk factos, treatments ?
WHAT IS IT:
an autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks the joint lining causing inflammation.
CAUSE:
The immune system mistakenly identifies proteins in the synovium (joint lining) as foreign, causing inflammation. This thickens the synovium and can damage cartilage and bone, leading to joint swelling, pain, and restricted movement. Tendons and ligaments weaken, affecting joint stability and alignment, commonly affecting the wrists and hands.
.
RISK FACTORS:
- genetics
environmental:
- cold / damp
- smoking
- red meat
- high caffeine
- female
.
TREATMENT:
- physiotherapy, balancing rest and recovery
- steriodial anti-inflammatory drugs
- joint replacment
- new expensive biological agents stop processes
what is a lever ?
a lever is a rigid, movable structure (bone) that pivots about a fixed position, the fulcrum (joint)
what 2 different multipliers do joints act as ?
Force multipliers (small effort, large force out)
OR
Distance multipliers (apply an effort over a small distance and get the same force out but over a larger distance)
whats a 1st class lever and give an example?
Fulcrum located between the load (resistance) and effort. E.g. moveing your head up and down (between the head and the first vertabrae) The head is the LOAD, the EFFORT is the muscles attached to skull and the FULCRUM is the joint
whats the 2nd class lever and give an example?
the load is between the effort and fulcrum. This is a FORCE MULTIPLIER. E.g. planter flexion. The fulcrum is the metatarsalphalangeal joints, the load is the weight of the body and the force is by the gastrocnemius.
what is a 3rd class lever and give an example?
the effort is between the fulcrum and load. This is a DISTANCE MULTIPLIER. The fulcrum is the elbow joint, the effort is the bicep and the load is the weight from the hand.
what is the origin?
the origin is the attachment site that doesnt move during contraction
what is the insertion?
the insertion is the attatchment site that does movewhen the muscle contracts
whats the tendon?
joins muscles to bone to allow movement to occur, as a muscle contracts it is the tendon which pulls on the bone
whats the ligament ?
joints bone to bone allowing for structural support usualy at a joint. Connective tissue
what is an antagonist muscle pair ?
antagonist muscles often occur in pairs, as one muscle contracts (agonist) the other muscle relaxes (antagonist). an example would be the biceps and triceps. the triceps relax while the biceps contract to lift the arm.
