Joints

Question 1

Articulation

Answer 1

Site where two bones meet.

Question 2

Joint functions

Answer 2

Holds skeleton together & gives skeleton mobility.

Question 3

Structural classification of joints

Answer 3

Fibrous
Cartiloginous
Synovial

Question 4

Functional classification of joints

Answer 4

Synarthrosis
Amphiarthrosis
Diarthrosis

Question 5

3 types of fibrous joints

Answer 5

Sutures
Syndesmoses
Gomphoses

Question 6

(Fibrous) Sutures

Answer 6

Found only in the skull. Short interconnecting fibers.

Question 7

(Fibrous) Syndesmoses

Answer 7

Invisible joints. Bones connected by ligaments. Range from immovable to slightly moveable.
Examples: Synarthrotic distal tibioibular joint
Diarthrotics connection between radius and ulna

Question 8

(Fibrous) Gomphoses

Answer 8

Teeth sockets. Periodontal ligaments.

Question 9

Synovial joints

Answer 9

All are diarthrotic. All limb joints (most of body)

Question 10

5 distinguished features:

Answer 10

1. Articular/Hyaline cartilage
2. Synovial fluid
3. Joint (Synovial) cavity; small space
4. Joint capsule (articular capsule)
5. Rich nerve & blood supply

Question 11

Friction-reducing structures

Answer 11

Bursae & tendon sheath

Question 12

Bursae

Answer 12

Flattened fibrous sacs lined with synovial membrane. Synovial fluid.
“Ball bearings.”

Question 13

Tendon Sheath

Answer 13

Elongated sacs contain synovial fluid and wraps completely around tendon.

Question 14

Synovial Joint Movements

Answer 14

1. Gliding
2. Angular
3. Rotation
4. Special movements

Question 15

Gliding

Answer 15

Flat bone surface glides/slips another similar surface. Intercarpals/carpals: wrists

Question 16

Angular

Answer 16

Flexion
Extension
Hypertension
Abduction
Adduction
Circumduction

Question 17

Flexion

Answer 17

Decreases the angle of joint.

Question 18

Extension

Answer 18

Increases angle of joints.

Question 19

Hypertension

Answer 19

Excessive extension of normal range of motion

Question 20

Abduction

Answer 20

Away from the midline.

Question 21

Adduction

Answer 21

Toward midline.

Question 22

Circumduction

Answer 22

Flexion+Adduction+Abduction+Extension

Question 23

Rotation

Answer 23

Turning of a bone

Question 24

Special movements

Answer 24

Supination
Pronation
Dorsiflexion
Plantarflexion
Inversion
Eversion
Protraction 
Retraction
Elevation
Depression
Opposition

Question 25

Supination

Answer 25

Palms facing anteriorly. Radius and ulna are parallel.

Question 26

Pronation

Answer 26

Palms facing posteriorly. Radius rotates over ulna.

Question 27

Dorsiflexion

Answer 27

Toes pointing towards shin

Question 28

Plantarflexion

Answer 28

Pointing toes down

Question 29

Inversion

Answer 29

Sole of foot faces medially.

Question 30

Eversion

Answer 30

Sole of foot faces laterally.

Question 31

Protraction

Answer 31

Mandible juts out.

Question 32

Retraction

Answer 32

Mandible is pulled toward neck.

Question 33

Elevation

Answer 33

Lifting body part superiorly; shrugging shoulders.

Question 34

Depression

Answer 34

Lowering body part; gasp

Question 35

Opposition

Answer 35

*thumb*

Question 36

Classification of Synovial Joints

Answer 36

``` Plane Hinge Pivot Condyloid Saddle Ball & socket ```

Question 37

Plane

Answer 37

Flat articular surfaces gliding movements; wrists.

Question 38

Hinge

Answer 38

Motion along a single plane. Flexion & Extension. | *mandible* cylindrical into trough shape

Question 39

Pivot

Answer 39

Round end of one bone fits into sleeve/ring of another one. * radius* * atlas rotates on pivot point*

Question 40

Condyloid

Answer 40

Permits all angular movements. | Oval articular surface of bone fits into oval shaped depression of another

Question 41

Saddle

Answer 41

Allow greater freedom of movement. Concave & convex areas.

Question 42

Ball and socket

Answer 42

Rounded head of one bone fits into cuplike depression of another.

Question 43

Common Joint Injuries

Answer 43

Sprains, Cartilage tears, dislocations.

Question 44

Sprain

Answer 44

Ligaments are stretched or torn. Partial tears slowly repair themselves. Complete ruptures; surgical repairs.

Question 45

Cartilage tears

Answer 45

Rarely repair themselves. Fragments may cause joint to lock or bind.

Question 46

Dislocations

Answer 46

Bones forced out of alignment. | Sprains, inflammation, joint immobilization.

Question 47

Arthritis

Answer 47

Over 100 different types of inflammatory/degenerative Most widespread crippling disease Pain stiffness, swelling

Question 48

Osteoarthritis

Answer 48

Overuse of joints. Common, irreversible, degenerative. Normal aging process. More cartilage destroyed than replaced.

Question 49

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Answer 49

Inflammatory, autoimmune. Cells migrate to joints. Synovial membrane thickens, erodes cartilage, scar tissue forms, articulating bone ends connect.