Joints

Question 1

What is a joint?

Answer 1

Where 2 or more bones (or bone and cartilage) meet

Question 2

Function of joints

Answer 2

Facilitate growth and transmit forces

Question 3

3 titles if classifying by movement

Answer 3

1. Synarthroses
2. Amphiarthroses
3. Diarthroses

Question 4

How much movement do u get a a synarthroses? Give example

Answer 4

No movement, suture

Question 5

How much movement at diarthroses?

Answer 5

Lots of movement eg knee joint

Question 6

How much movement at amphiarthroses?

Answer 6

Limited eg joints between invertebral column

Question 7

Name the 3 classes of joints under the soft tissue structure classification

Answer 7

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

Question 8

Name 3 types of fibrous joints

Answer 8

Gomphosis, syndesmosis, sutures

Question 9

Describe syndesmosis

Answer 9

Fibrous membrane between bones eg radioulnar interosseous membrane

Question 10

Describe gomphosis

Answer 10

‘Peg and socket’ eg teeth in jaw

Question 11

How many types of cartilaginous joints are there?

Answer 11

2= primary and secondary

Question 12

Describe primary cartilaginous joints and give examples

Answer 12

Bone-hyaline cartilage-bone

Eg epiphyseal plates, first costosternal joint

Question 13

Name for primary cartilaginous joint

Answer 13

Synchondrosis

Question 14

What is a symphysis?

Answer 14

Secondary cartilaginous joint

Question 15

Describe a secondary cartilaginous joint

Answer 15

Bone-hyaline cartilage-fibrous cartilage-hyaline cartilage-bone

Question 16

Examples of symphysis

Answer 16

Joints of the sternum, intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis

Question 17

Where are secondary cartilaginous joints found?

Answer 17

Mid line of axial skeleton

Question 18

Why does articular cartilage take a long time to heal?

Answer 18

It is a venous- lacks blood supply

Question 19

Name main features of synovial joint

Answer 19

Fibrous capsule, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, articular cartilage, articular cavity

Question 20

Why is friction-less movement at a synovial joint important?

Answer 20

To protect the bones

Question 21

What do you call the structure that forms when the fibrous capsule of a joint is thickened along lines of stress?

Answer 21

Ligament

Question 22

How do ligaments protect the joint?

Answer 22

They restrict movement/ prevent unwanted movements

Question 23

Are intrinsic ligaments part of capsule?

Answer 23

Yes

Question 24

Are extrinsic ligaments part of the capsule?

Answer 24

No they are outside the capsule

Question 25

What happens when ur ligaments are loose?

Answer 25

Double jointed

Question 26

Ligaments go from what structure to what structure?

Answer 26

Bone to bone

Question 27

What type of cartilage is articular cartilage?

Answer 27

Hyaline

Question 28

What secretes the synovial fluid?

Answer 28

Synovial membrane

Question 29

What does the synovial fluid consist of?

Answer 29

Hyaluronic acid, lubricin, some phagocytic cells

Question 30

What provides nutrients and o2 to and removes waste from the articular cartilage?

Answer 30

Synovial fluid

Question 31

Explain the importance of how synovial fluid changes it’s properties

Answer 31

The alignment of glycoprotein molecules changes with exercise. Becomes thicker and more viscous when shear force is applied but less viscous and runny during exercise so that lubrications improves. It is a dilatent liquid

Question 32

Synovial fluid provides:

Answer 32

Lubrications, nutrition and acts as a shock absorber

Question 33

What do intra-articular discs do and what type of movement joint are they found in?

Answer 33

They deepen the socket and they are found in joints eg the knee where there are rotatory movements

Question 34

What are bursae?

Answer 34

Closed sacs lines with synovial membrane, lubricated with synovial fluid

Question 35

Function of bursae

Answer 35

Provides a cushion between bone and tendon and/ or muscle. Prevents rubbing which might cause an inflammatory disease eg tendinitis.

Question 36

What is bursitis?

Answer 36

Inflammation of bursae

Question 37

What are synovial sheaths?

Answer 37

Special bursae that surround tendons where they are subject to pressure.

Question 38

Where are synovial sheaths found?

Answer 38

In hands and feet

Question 39

In how many planes do ball and socket joints allow movement in?

Answer 39

3

Question 40

A joint that allows movement in one plane

Answer 40

Hinge eg knee

Question 41

3 factors that affect stability of joint

Answer 41

Shape of bones Strength and position if ligaments Tone of surrounding muscle

Question 42

What is muscle tone?

Answer 42

A continuous and passive contraction. Helps to stabilise the joint

Question 43

What is proprioception?

Answer 43

Body’s awareness of its position in space

Question 44

Name the degenerative disease of articular cartilage of weight bearing joints

Answer 44

Osteoarthritis

Question 45

Describe rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 45

Autoimmune disease which leads to changes in the synovium which leads to the destruction of articular cartilage

Question 46

What joints does rheumatoid arthritis attack

Answer 46

Synovial