Joints and Ligaments

Question 1

Origin of the Foot Ligaments

Answer 1

Each Malleolus (Medial or Lateral)

Question 2

How many ligaments does the Deltoid Ligament consist of? Is it Medial or Lateral?

Answer 2

4 Ligaments

Medial Attachments

Question 3

Where do the Deltoid Ligaments Attach to?

Answer 3

Talus (Anterior and Posterior)
Calcaneus
Navicular
All part of the Tarsal Group of Bones)

Question 4

Primary action of the Medial group?

Answer 4

Resist Over-Eversion of the Foot

Question 5

Where does the Lateral Ligament(s) Originate

Answer 5

Lateral Malleolus

Question 6

How many Lateral Ligaments are there of the Ankle? What are they called? Where do they attach?

Answer 6

Anterior talofibular - Lateral Aspect of the Talus
Posterior talofibular - Posterior Aspect of the Talus
Calcaneofibular - Calcaneus

Question 7

Primary action of the Lateral group?

Answer 7

Resist Over-Inversion of the Foot

Question 8

The Ankle Joint is formed by Articulations of which Bones?

Answer 8

Talus, Fibula and Tibia

Question 9

What type of Joint is the Ankle?

Answer 9

Synovial Hinge Type Joint

Question 10

What type of Joint is the Knee?

Answer 10

Synovial Hinge Type Joint

Question 11

What type of Joint is the Hip?

Answer 11

Synovial Ball and Socket Type Joint

Question 12

The Knee Joint is formed by Articulations of which Bones?

Answer 12

Patella, Femur and Tibia.

Question 13

What are the Two Articulating Surfaces of the Knee and which is Weight Bearing?

Answer 13

Tibiofemoral – The Medial and Lateral Condyles of the Femur articulating with the Tibia.
Patellofemoral – The Anterior and Distal Part of the Femur Articulating with the Patella.

The Tibiofemoral Joint is the Weightbearing Joint of the Knee.

Question 14

What Type of Structures are the Menisci? What Shape are They?

Answer 14

Fibrocartilage

C-shaped

Question 15

What Purpose do the Menisci Serve?

Answer 15

To Deepen the Articular Surface of the Tibia, thus Increasing Stability of the Joint.
To Act as Shock Absorbers

Question 16

Where are the Menisci Attached?

Answer 16

Attached at Both Ends to the Intercondylar Area of the the Tibia.
The Medial Menisci is also Attached to the Tibial (Medial) Collateral Ligament and the Joint Capsule.

Question 17

What is a Bursa? What is their Purpose?

Answer 17

Synovial Fluid Filled Sac, found between Moving Structures in a joint – with the Aim of Reducing Wear and TEar on those Structures

Question 18

How many Bursae are present in the Patella Region?

Answer 18

4 - Suprapatella bursa
Prepatella bursa
Infrapatella bursa
Semimembranosus bursa

Question 19

Where are the Bursae Located?

Answer 19

Suprapatella bursa – This is an Extension of the Synovial Cavity of the Knee, located between the Quadriceps Femoris and the Femur.
Prepatella bursa – Found between the Apex of the Patella and the Skin.
Infrapatella bursa – Split into Deep and Superficial. The Deep bursa lies between the Tibia and the Patella Ligament. The Superficial lies between the Patella Ligament and the Skin.
Semimembranosus bursa – Located Posteriorly in the Knee joint, between the Semimembranosus Muscle and the Medial Head of the Gastrocnemius.

Question 20

How many Ligaments are associated with the Knee?

Answer 20

5 - Patellar ligament
Collateral ligaments (Tibial and Fibular)
Cruciate ligaments (Anterior and Posterior)

Question 21

Name the Attachments of the Patellar Ligament

Answer 21

A continuation of the Quadriceps Femoris Tendon Distal to the Patella. It Attaches to the Tibial Tuberosity.

Question 22

Name the Attachments of the Tibial (Medial) Collateral Ligament

Answer 22

Proximally, it Attaches to the Medial Epicondyle of the Femur.
Distally it Attaches to the Medial Surface of the Tibia

Question 23

Name the Attachments of the Fibular (Lateral) Collateral Ligament

Answer 23

Proximally to the Lateral Epicondyle of the Femur.

Distally it Attaches to a Depression on the Lateral Surface of the Fibular Head

Question 24

Name the Attachments of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament

Answer 24

Anterior Intercondylar Region of the Tibia and Ascends Posteriorly to Attach to the Femur, in the Intercondylar Fossa

Question 25

Name the Attachments of the Posterior Cruciate Ligament

Answer 25

Posterior Intercondylar Region of the Tibia, and Ascends Anteriorly to Attach to the Femur in the Intercondylar Fossa

Question 26

What do the Collateral Ligaments do?

Answer 26

Stablise the Hinge Motion of the Knee, Restricting any Medial or Lateral Movement

Question 27

Function of the ACL?

Answer 27

Prevents Anterior Dislocation of the Tibia onto the Femur

Question 28

Function of the PCL?

Answer 28

Prevents Posterior Dislocation of the Tibia onto the Femur

Question 29

How would you Test for Collateral Ligament Damage?

Answer 29

Ask the patient to Medially Rotate and Laterally Rotate the Leg. Pain on Medial Rotation indicates Damage to the Medial Ligament and vice versa. (Most Common Knee Pathology)

Question 30

What is damage to the Tibial Collateral Ligament also likely to Cause?

Answer 30

Due to the Attachment to the Medial Menisci Damage to One is likely to Tear the other.

Question 31

What is the Anterior Draw Test?

Answer 31

With the Patient's Knee Flexed attempt to pull the Tibia Forwards. If there is movement the ACL is torn.

Question 32

What is the Posterior Draw Test?

Answer 32

With the Patient's Knee Flexed attempt to push the Tibia Posteriorly. If there is movement the PCL is torn.

Question 33

What is the Unhappy Triad?

Answer 33

Damage to the Tibial Collateral, Medial Menisci and ACL. A lateral force to an extended knee, such as a rugby tackle, can rupture the medial collateral ligament, damaging the medial meniscus in the process. The ACL is also affected, which completes the ‘unhappy triad’.

Question 34

Which bones form the Hip Joint?

Answer 34

Acetabulum of the Pelvis and the Femur

Question 35

What is the Intracapsular Ligament of the Hip Joint?

Answer 35

Ligament of the Head of Femur. It runs from the Acetabular Fossa to the Fovea of the Femur. It encloses a branch of the oburator artery.

Question 36

How many Extracapsular Ligaments of the Hip Joint are there?

Answer 36

3 - Iliofemoral Pubofemoral Ischiofemoral

Question 37

What are the Attachment of the Iliofemoral Ligament? What is its Function?

Answer 37

Located Anteriorly. It Originates from the Ilium, Immediately Inferior to the Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine. It Attaches to the Intertrochanteric Line in Two Places, giving the Ligament a Y Shaped Appearance Prevents Hyperextension of the Hip Joint

Question 38

What are the Attachment of the Pubofemoral Ligament? What is its Function?

Answer 38

Located Anteriorly and Inferiorly. It Attaches at the Pelvis to the Iliopubic Eminance and Obturator Membrane, and then Blends with the Articular Capsule. Prevents Excessive Abduction and Extension.

Question 39

What are the Attachment of the Ischiofemoral Ligament? What is its Function?

Answer 39

Located Posteriorly. It Originates from the Ischium of the Pelvis and Attaches to the Greater Trochanter of the Femur. Prevents Excessive Extension of the Femur at the Hip Joint.