Joints and movements

Question 1

Components of a joint

Answer 1

-Ligaments: ligaments are lengths of slightly elastic connective tissue that connect bone to bone
-Tendons: tendons are lengths of elastic tissue that connect muscle to bone
-Bursa: A bursa is a close, fluid filled sac between the tendon and the bone that reduces friction between the tendon and the bone
-Joint capsule: the joint capsule is a fibrous sac that encapsulates the joint and has an inner synovial membrane
-Synovial fluid acts as a lubricant and reduces friction between bones
-Articulating cartilage: articulating cartilage is a smooth layer of tissue that covers the surface of bones

Question 2

Type of synovial joint and the movement (Hinge joint)

Answer 2

-Hinge joint can only flex and extend
-For example knee and elbow joints + ankle

Question 3

Ball and socket joint

Answer 3

-Ball and socket joints have a large range of movement (abduction/adduction, rotation, circumduction)
-For example at the shoulder and hip

Question 4

Condyloid joint

Answer 4

-Condyloid joint is similar to the ball and socket joint but with flatter bone surfaces
-Only has movement in two planes: flexion/extention (up and down) and abduction/adduction (side to side)
For example the wrist

Question 5

Pivot

Answer 5

-Pivot joints are when a round bone and ring-shaped bone articulate
-Pivot joints allow for a rotational movement around a single axis
-Movement only occurs on one plane e.g suppenation/pronation
-For example the radio-ulna joint

Question 6

Gliding

Answer 6

-Gliding joints are flat surfaced bones that slide past each other e.g the spine

Question 7

Planes of movement (frontal plane)

Answer 7

-Frontal plane divides the body into front and back e.g a starjump or cartwheel

Question 8

Sagittal plane

Answer 8

-Sagittal plane divides the body into left and right e.g a bicep curl

Question 9

Transverse plane

Answer 9

-Transverse plane divides the body into top and bottom e.g hip rotation during a golf swing

Question 10

What movements are designated to the frontal plane

Answer 10

-Abduction- Movement of a limb towards the midline of the body
-Adduction- Movement of a limb away from the midline of the body

Question 11

What movements are designated to the sagittal plane

Answer 11

flexion -Decreasing the angle at the joint (bending)
extension - Increasing the angle at the joint (extending)
-Dorsi flexion -Decreasing the angle at the ankle joint, causing the toes to point upwards
-Plantar flexion -Increasing the angle at the ankle joint, causing the toes to point downwards

Question 12

What movements are designated to the transverse plane

Answer 12

-Rotation- This is when the articulating bone turns around the longitudinal axis in a circular motion
-Horizontal flexion -Movement of a limb towards the midline of the body, parallel to the ground
-Horizontal extension-Movement of a limb away from the midline of the body, parallel to the ground