joints and movements

Question 1

• -Structural
• Bones held together by fibrous CT.No joint capsule
• Little or no movement possible.
• Sutures, syndesmoses, gomphosis

Answer 1

Fibrous

Question 2

• Structural
• Bones are joined together by fibro- or hyaline cartilage.
• No joint capsule
• Slight movement possible
• Symphyses & synchondroses

Answer 2

Cartilagenous

Question 3

• Structural
• Freely movable
• Joint capsule with synovial fluid
• Articular cartilages on ends of bones

Answer 3

Synovial Joints

Question 4

• Functional
• (= together joint).
• Immovable
• Epiphyseal plate

Answer 4

Synarthrosis

Question 5

• Functional
• (means double)
• Slightly movable
• Symphysis, sternocostal

Answer 5

Amphiarthrosis

Question 6

• Functional
• Freely movable

Answer 6

Diarthrosis

Question 7

• Fibrous Joint
• Thin layer of fibrous CT unites cranial bones.
• Serrated edges for additional strength.
• Little or No movement possible.
• Functionally a synarthrosis
• Some bones that are separate during development and childhood fuse together to form a single bone, e.g., frontal bone is two bones in utero. Fuse to form a single bone = synostosis

Answer 7

Suture

Question 8

• Fibrous Joint
• Articulating bones are held together by more fibrous CT.
• Interosseous ligament or membrane
• Permits some flexability and movement
  Joints between the:
  Ulna and radius (via interosseous membrane; radioulnar joints are synovial—pivot)
• Tibia and fibula
• Functionally an amphiarthrosis

Answer 8

Syndesmosis

Question 9

• Fibrous Joint
• Only example in the body
  The periodontal ligament (fibrous CT) attaches teeth into their sockets in alveolar bones of the maxilla and mandible.
• Functionally a synarthrosis.

Answer 9

Gomphosis

Question 10

• Cartilagenous joint
• Fibro- or hyaline cartilage joins with the bone
• Connecting material is a thin pad of fibrocartilage between bones.
• Pubic symphysis
• Sacroiliac joints
• Intervertebral discs
• Slight movement possible
• Functionally, amphiarthrosis

Answer 10

Symphysis

Question 11

• Cartilagenous joint
• (together-cartilage)
• Connecting material is hyaline cartilage
• Epiphyseal plates in growing long bones connects the epiphysis and diaphysis.
• Immovable, functionally synarthrosis.
• Temporary joint because it is replaced with bone after growth ceases (= synostosis)
• First rib and manubrium becomes a synostosis during adult life.
• Vertebrosternal joints (between true ribs 2-7 and sternum); Functionally an amphiarthrosis

Answer 11

Synchondrosis

Question 12

• Space between the articulating bones.
• Articular surface of bones are covered with hyaline cartilage.
• Joint is surrounded by an articular capsule
• Joint cavity itself contains synovial fluid
• Reduces friction and nourishes articular cartilages (avascular).

Answer 12

Synovial Joints

Question 13

• Flat articular surface.
• Side to side and back and forth.
• Intercarpal and intertarsal joints; heads and tubercles of ribs with vertebrae.
• Simplest kind of movement

Answer 13

Gliding joints

Question 14

• Convex surface of one bone fits into concave surface of other bone.
• Humeroulnar joint
• Tibiofemoral joint
• Interphalangeal joints
• Uniaxial movement (one plane)
• Flexion (decrease the angle between articulating bones)
• Extension (increase the angle; bring back to anatomical position)
• Hyperextension is extension beyond the anatomical position (greater than 180o).

Answer 14

Hinge (Ginglymus)

Question 15

• Rounded surface of one bone articulates within a ring formed partly by the other bone and partly of a ligament.
• Rotation in a single plane
• Atlas “no”
• Proximal ends of ulna and radius (radioulnar joint)
• Pronation, supination
• Rotation in a single plane around its longitudinal axis.

Answer 15

Pivot Joint (trochoid)

Question 16

• Oval-shaped condyle articulates with elliptical cavity of another.
• Movement in two planes (biaxial)
• Adduction and abduction
• Flexion and extension
• Circumduction when done in succession.
• Radiocarpal joint
• Radius, scaphoid and lunate.
• Biaxial: side to side and back and forth

Note: abduction is taking away from the midline of the body or spreading the fingers away from the middle. Adduction is movement toward the midline

Answer 16

Condyloid or ellipsoidal

Question 17

• Articular surface of one bone is saddle-shaped.
• Biaxial
• Carpometacarpal joint at base of thumb
  Trapezium and first metacarpal
• Side to side, back and forth, circumduction.

Answer 17

Saddle joint

Question 18

• Ball-like surface of one bone fits into a cup-like depression of the other.
• Shoulder and hip
• Triaxial movement
• Flexion-extension
• Abduction-adduction
• Rotation (permits circumduction of shoulder)
• Triaxial: 3 types of movement possible
  Flexion-extension
  Abduction-adduction
  Rotation
• hip joint is a ___ & ___ joint, however its movements are restricted because of the deep socket and reinforcing ligaments—stability.

Answer 18

Ball and Socket (spheroid)

Question 19

• Open and close mouth (mandible)
• Elevate and depress shoulders
• Protract and retract jaw

Answer 19

Elevation-depression

Question 20

• Move sole inward (medially)

Answer 20

Inversion

Question 21

Move sole outward

Answer 21

Eversion

Question 22

Bend foot toward upper surface

Answer 22

Dorsiflexion

Question 23

Bend foot toward sole

Answer 23

Plantarflexion

Question 24

Movement of forearm; palm turned anteriorly (radius & ulna are parallel).

Answer 24

Supination

Question 25

Palm turned posteriorly (distal end of radius moves across the ulna).

Answer 25

Pronation