Joints & Bony Markings

Question 1

What is an articulation?

Answer 1

A site where two or more bones meet

Question 2

What are the primary functions of joints?

Answer 2

• Give skeleton mobility
• Hold skeleton together

Question 3

How are joints classified based on function?

Answer 3

• Synarthroses (immovable)
• Amphiarthroses (slightly movable)
• Diarthroses (freely movable)

Question 4

What are the three structural classifications of joints?

Answer 4

• Fibrous
• Cartilaginous
• Synovial

Question 5

What type of joints are synovial joints?

Answer 5

All diarthrotic (freely movable)

Question 6

List the features of synovial joints.

Answer 6

• Articular surface (hyaline cartilage)
• Joint cavity (contains synovial fluid)
• Articular capsule (outer fibrous capsule and inner synovial membrane)
• Synovial fluid (viscous filtrate of plasma & hyaluronic acid)
• Rich nerve and blood vessel supply
• Reinforcing ligaments

Question 7

What are the types of reinforcing ligaments in synovial joints?

Answer 7

• Capsular (intrinsic)
• Extracapsular
• Intracapsular

Question 8

What type of movement does a hinge joint permit?

Answer 8

Movement in one plane, usually flexion and extension

Question 9

Give examples of hinge joints.

Answer 9

• Elbow joint
• Ankle joint
• Knee joint

Question 10

What characterizes a saddle joint?

Answer 10

Opposing articular surfaces with a reciprocal concave-convex shape

Question 11

Give an example of a saddle joint.

Answer 11

Carpometacarpal joints

Question 12

What is a plane joint?

Answer 12

Joints with relatively flat articular surfaces that allow bones to glide over one another

Question 13

Give examples of plane joints.

Answer 13

• Acromioclavicular joint
• Subtalar joint

Question 14

What is the primary movement allowed by a pivot joint?

Answer 14

Rotation only

Question 15

Give examples of pivot joints.

Answer 15

• Proximal and distal radioulnar joints
• Atlantoaxial joint

Question 16

What defines a condyloid joint?

Answer 16

Contains a convex surface that articulates with a concave elliptical cavity

Question 17

Give examples of condyloid joints.

Answer 17

• Wrist joint
• Metacarpophalangeal joint
• Metatarsophalangeal joint

Question 18

What is a ball and socket joint?

Answer 18

Where the ball-shaped surface of one rounded bone fits into the cup-like depression of another bone

Question 19

Give examples of ball and socket joints.

Answer 19

• Hip joint
• Shoulder joint

Question 20

What is a fibrous joint?

Answer 20

A joint where bones are bound by tough, fibrous tissue

Question 21

What are the three subtypes of fibrous joints?

Answer 21

• Sutures
• Gomphoses
• Syndesmoses

Question 22

What characterizes sutures?

Answer 22

Immovable joints found between the flat bones of the skull

Question 23

What are gomphoses?

Answer 23

Immovable joints where teeth articulate in their sockets in the maxilla/mandible bones

Question 24

What are syndesmoses?

Answer 24

Slightly movable joints where bones are held together by an interosseous membrane

Question 25

What unites the bones in a cartilaginous joint?

Answer 25

Fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage

Question 26

What are the two main types of cartilaginous joints?

Answer 26

* Synchondroses (primary cartilaginous) * Symphyses (secondary cartilaginous)

Question 27

What is a synchondrosis?

Answer 27

A joint where bones are connected by hyaline cartilage and are immovable

Question 28

Give an example of a synchondrosis.

Answer 28

Joint between the diaphysis and epiphysis of a growing long bone

Question 29

What characterizes symphyses?

Answer 29

Bones united by a layer of fibrocartilage and slightly movable

Question 30

Give an example of a symphysis.

Answer 30

Pubic symphysis

Question 31

What are bony markings?

Answer 31

Anatomical regions or structures found on bone used to identify regions where muscle origins and insertions, blood vessels, and nerves are found

Question 32

What are the categories of bony markings?

Answer 32

* Projections * Grooves or depressions * Openings * Angles/borders

Question 33

What is a condyle?

Answer 33

Rounded knobs that form articulations with other bones

Question 34

What is an epicondyle?

Answer 34

Bony areas above a condyle where muscles and ligaments attach

Question 35

What is a tuberosity?

Answer 35

A large tubercle

Question 36

What is a tubercle?

Answer 36

A small, rounded prominence that serves as a site for tendon or ligament attachment

Question 37

What is a trochanter?

Answer 37

A large, blunt, irregular shaped process

Question 38

What is a ridge in bony markings?

Answer 38

A linear elevation, margin, or border

Question 39

What is a process in bony markings?

Answer 39

A bulging outgrowth of a large bone

Question 40

What is a spine in bony markings?

Answer 40

A sharp, slender projection that serves as a site for muscle or ligament attachment

Question 41

What is a facet in bony markings?

Answer 41

A subtle, long, narrow impression

Question 42

What is a crest in bony markings?

Answer 42

Prominent raised edges of a bone

Question 43

What is a sinus?

Answer 43

An air-filled space in bone

Question 44

What is a foramen?

Answer 44

A hole through bone

Question 45

What is a meatus?

Answer 45

An opening into a canal

Question 46

What is a fissure?

Answer 46

A slit through bone

Question 47

What is a canal in bony markings?

Answer 47

A passage in a bone

Question 48

What is a fossa?

Answer 48

An elongated basin

Question 49

What is a fovea?

Answer 49

A small pit

Question 50

What is a notch?

Answer 50

A depression in a bone

Question 51

What is a sulcus?

Answer 51

A groove along a bone