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BIOL 1109 > Joints, Movement & Biomechanics > Flashcards

Joints, Movement & Biomechanics Flashcards

1
Q

what is a peridontal ligament?

A

thin fibrous tissue connecting bone of socket to root of tooth

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2
Q

what determines what bone moves the most in a muscle contraction?

A

where the muscles are attached on each bone

ex: radius moves more than scapula when doing bicep curl

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3
Q

what are symphysis cartilaginous joints, the functional classification and example?

A
  • hyaline cartilage covers the articulating surface and is fused to an intervening pad of fibrocartilage
  • amphiathrotic joint (strength/ flexibility)
  • ex: pubis symphysis/ cartilage disk between vertebrae
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4
Q

what is the point of origin?

A

the bone that doesn’t move as much on the site of attachment

ex: scapula in bicep extension

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5
Q

what is FLE 123?

A

1st class- fulcrum in middle

2nd class- load in middle

3rd class- effort in middle

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6
Q

what forms the fulcrum, lever, effort, and load in the body?

A

Lever- Bones

Fulcrum- Joints

Effort- Muscles

Force - weight of body/the object we lift

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7
Q

what are the 3 subcategories for fibrous structual joints?

A

1) suture
2) syndesmosis
3) gomphosis

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8
Q

what are fibrous structural joints?

A

dense fibrous connective tissue

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9
Q

what is the effort arm?

A

the distance from the point of effort to the fulcrum

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10
Q

what is the movement of a ellipsoidal joint and example?

A

comprise of concave and convex articulating surfaces

(ends of bones are oval, but still convex/concave)

  • angular and circumduction movement
    ex: metacarpals/carpals
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11
Q

what is primarily involved with biomechanics?

A

skeletal mucles

  • the muscle has to be attached to the bone in some way in order to function the muscle
  • muscles attached to bone by tendons
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12
Q

what is the effort/force?

A

the applied movement to move lever

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13
Q

what are cartilagnious structural joints?

A

cartilage between bones

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14
Q

what is muscle contraction?

A

the muscle becoming shorter

  • all end points of a muscle needs to be attached
  • each end needs to be attached to at least 2 different bones accross a joint
    ex: bicep needs to attach to scapula and radius to contract

the movement of the point of insertion towards the point of origin of the muscle

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15
Q

what is structural classification?

A

look at the anatomical organization and see what is the material that make up the joint

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16
Q

what is the synchondrosis cartilage joint, functional classification and example?

A
  • A bar plate of hyaline cartilage that unites the bones
  • all synchondrosis are synarthrotic
  • ex: ribs attached to sternum
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17
Q

what is an example of a first class lever system in our body?

A

Head nodding

Fulcrum- vertebral column

Effort- neck muscles in back contracting

Load- head tilting back

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18
Q

what are ligaments?

A

bands of fibre that hold articulating bones together to provide stability

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19
Q

what are the 3 structural joints?

A

1) firbrous
2) cartilaginous
3) synovial

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20
Q

what is a first class lever?

A

fulcrum is between load and effort

power or speed lever

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21
Q

what are factors that stabilizes synovial joints?

A
  • collagen fibres
  • articulating surfaces and menisci
  • other bones, muscles, or fat pads
  • tendons of articulating bones

prevent injury by limiting range of motion

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22
Q

what determines whether the specific lever is a power or speed lever?

A

the specific point of insertion of a muscle

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23
Q

what are the 2 membranes of the articular capsule?

A

1) fibrous capsule
2) synovial membrane

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24
Q

what is an example of a third class lever in our body?

A

Bicep curl

Fulcrum: elbow

Load: weight carried in hand

Effort: bicep contract

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25
Q

what is second class lever?

A

resistance is between fulcrum and effort

Power lever

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26
Q

what makes up a typical synovial joint in the knee?

A
  • periosteum
  • ligament
  • joint cavity
  • articular capsule (double membrane)
  • synovial fluid
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27
Q

what are gomphosis joints functional classification and example?

A
  • synarthrotic joints
  • ex: between teeth and peridontal ligament
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28
Q

what is the movement of a pivot joint and example?

A

ring shaped articulating surfaces

  • rotational movement only
    ex: atlas around dens of axis
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29
Q

what is abduction vs adduction?

A

Abduction:

moving away from midline

Adduction:

movign towards the midline

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30
Q

fibrous joints facts

A
  • articulating bones held closely together by dense irregular connective tissue
  • permit little/ no movement
  • found in skull
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31
Q

what is the movement of a hinge joint and example?

A

concave and convex articulating surfaces

  • one bone remains stationary while the other moves around
  • movement is angular, one plane of motion
    ex: elbow / knee
32
Q

what are the 6 types of synovial joints?

A

1) gliding
2) hinge
3) pivot
4) ellipsoidal
5) saddle
6) ball & socket

33
Q

what are biomechanics?

A

how bone and muscles affect movement

34
Q

what is the point of insertion?

A

the bones that moves the most with the site of muscle attachment

ex: radius in bicep curl

35
Q

what is the movement of saddle joints and example?

A

articulating surfaces are “saddle” shaped

  • allows for angular and circumduction movements
    ex: base of thumb
36
Q

what is the functional classification and example of where to find syndesmoses joints?

A
  • synarthortic or amphiarthrotic joints
  • bones connected by fibrous tissue ligament
  • ex: between fibula and tibia
37
Q

what is the synarthrotic joint classification?

A

not moveable

“sin not to move”

38
Q

what is the load?

A

the amount placed on the lever

39
Q

what are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints?

A

1) synchondroses
2) symphyses

40
Q

what are bursae (bursa)

A

pockets of synovial fluid that cushion areas where tendons and ligaments rub together

  • reduce friction at joints
  • synovial membrane makes up burse
41
Q

what is the functional classification for synovial joints and example?

A
  • Diathrotic joint
  • ex: knee joint
42
Q

what are the 4 major types of movement at synovial joints?

A

1) gliding
2) angular
3) rotation
4) circumduction

43
Q

what is the glising movement?

A

movement of 1 bone over another

  • allows side-to-side and bacl/forth action
    ex: between carpals/tarsals
44
Q

what can muscle only do?

A

contract

can not relax on their own

needs to be stretched again in order to contract again

45
Q

what do levers consist of?

A

1) fulcrum
2) load
3) effort/force

46
Q

what is determines based on where your muscle is located?

A

the amount of effort required to move

47
Q

what is the ligament connecting the fibula and tibia together?

A

tibiofibular ligament

  • shorrter the ligament, shorter the movement
48
Q

what is an example of a second class lever in our body?

A

Calf raise

Fulcrum- ball of foot

Load- Body weight

Effort- Calf muscles

49
Q

what is the load arm?

A

the distance from the fulcrum to the load

50
Q

what is functional classification?

A

how much range of motion a joint is capable of

51
Q

what is the diathrotic joint classification?

A

freely moveable

“dhiarreha”

52
Q
A
53
Q

whata are the 3 joint classifications based on the functional classification?

A

1) synarthrotic
2) amphiarthrotic
3) diathrotic

54
Q

what is the functional classification and location for sutures?

A
  • synarthrotic joint (adults)
  • amphiarthrotic joint (infants)
    ex: skull
55
Q

how do muscles work antagonistically?

A

they work against each other

ex: bicep contracts, needs tricep to contract to stretch out bicep again

56
Q

what are the 2 suncategories for cartilagnious structual joints?

A

1) synchondrosis
2) symphysis

57
Q

what happens when theres a longer effort arm?

A

easier to lift the load

58
Q

what is the difference of a power vs speed lever?

A

power lever: can move heavier

speed lever: can move distance

59
Q

what happens when the insertion is further away from fulcrum?

A

more power the lever

60
Q

what are the 6 subcategories for synovial structural joints?

A

1) gliding
2) hinge
3) pivot
4) ellipsoidal
5) saddle
6) ball & socket

61
Q

what is the difference of agonist and antagonist?

A

agonist: the muscle contracting

antagonist- the muscle relaxing

ex: when bicep contacts (agonist), tricep relaxes (antagonist)

62
Q

what is rotation?

A

bone rotates around its long axis

  • turning motion
  • ex: head shaking no
63
Q

what is flexion vs extension?

A

Flexion:

decrease in angle (less than 90)

Extension:

Inclease in angle (more than 90)

ex: elbow joint

64
Q

what is the formula to determine amountof force exerted by biceps to maintain forearm in equilibrium when hand is holding certain weight?

A

length of effort arm x effort = length of load arm x load

1) write out equation
2) move length of effort arm over
3) divide total of length of load arm x load by the length of effort arm

65
Q

what are angular movements in synovial joints?

A

angle in articulating bones increases or decreases

  • swinging from side to side or up and down
  • abduction and adduction
66
Q

what is a fulcrum?

A

the fixed point of a lever

67
Q

what are articulating bones?

A

2 bones joined at a joint

68
Q

what are levers?

A

allowing a given effort to move a heavier load or move a load farther and faster

rigid bar that moves on a fulcrum

69
Q

what happens when insertion is closer to fulcrum?

A

lever is less powerful

BUT gets greater range of movement and speed of movement of that lever

70
Q

what are menisci (meniscus)?

A

pads of cartilage that allow bones of different shapes to fit together more tightly.

  • acts as a spacer in a joint and prevents bones smashing together
71
Q

what is circumdiction?

A

movement of a body part in a circle

  • one end stable, distal end moves in circle
72
Q

what is the movement of ball & socket joints and example?

A

rounded head of 1 bone in a depression of another

  • angluar, rotational and circumduction movements
    ex: shoulder and hip
73
Q

what are the 2 methods of joint classification?

A

1) functional classification
2) structural classification

74
Q

what is a third class lever?

A

effort is between fulcrum and load

speed lever (most common in our body)

75
Q

what is the amphiarthrotic joint classification?

A

slightly movable

“amphibian”

76
Q

what is synovial fluid?

A

fluid secreted by synovial membrane that lubricates joints, absorbs shock, and supplies oxygen/nutrients to cartilage

77
Q

whar are synovial structural joints?

A

cavity between articulating bones, ligaments hold bones together

BIOL 1109 (10 decks)

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