jordan Flashcards
(250 cards)
1
Q
mock
A
make fun of
2
Q
playful
A
made or done in fun; not serious
full of fun; wanting to play
3
Q
determination
A
TRYING HARD
4
Q
conflict
A
a situation in which people, groups or countries disagree strongly or are involved in a serious argument
The violence was the result of political and ethnic conflicts.
His task will be to resolve potential conflicts between the British and Scottish goverments.
John often comes into conflict with his boss.
5
Q
salacious
A
(of stories, pictures, etc.) encouraging sexual desire or containing too much sexual detail
6
Q
clickbait
A
material put on the internet in order to attract attention and encourage visitors to click on a link to a particular web page
The website says it aims to reduce the number of clickbait headlines.
7
Q
confrontational
A
behaving in an angry or unfriendly way that is likely to cause an argument:
He has a very aggressive, confrontational way of talking to people.
The opposition has adopted a more confrontational approach in recent months.
8
Q
beforehand
A
earlier; before something else happens or is done
two weeks/three days/a few hours beforehand
I wish we’d known about it beforehand.
He warned me beforehand what to expect.
9
Q
pleasant
A
fun, attractive, or giving pleasure ============== a pleasant evening/atmosphere/walk a pleasant aroma/smell/scent What a pleasant surprise! to live in pleasant surroundings music that is pleasant to the ear a pleasant environment to work in
10
Q
rotten
A
very bad ============== I've had a rotten day! What rotten luck! She's a rotten singer.
11
Q
broadcast
A
to send out a programme on television or radio:
12
Q
cease
A
to stop happening or existing; to stop something from happening or existing
Welfare payments cease as soon as an individual starts a job.
cease to do something You never cease to amaze me!
cease something They voted to cease strike action immediately.
He ordered his men to cease fire (= stop shooting).
cease doing something The company ceased trading in June.
13
Q
scuttlebutt
A
stories about other people’s private lives, that may be unkind or not true
14
Q
backlash
A
a strong negative reaction by a large number of people, for example to something that has recently changed in society
backlash (from somebody) The government is facing an angry backlash from voters over the new tax.
They face a backlash from shareholders.
backlash (against something) There was a conservative backlash against the feminism of the 80s.
15
Q
audit
A
an official examination of the quality or standard of something
16
Q
pick up on
A
to notice something and perhaps react to it
17
Q
oppressor
A
a person or group of people that treats somebody in a cruel and unfair way, especially by not giving them the same rights, etc. as other people
They cannot forget the humiliation they suffered at the hands of their oppressors.
18
Q
lucrative
A
////successful////
producing a large amount of money; making a large profit
==========
Many of the engineers left the service for more lucrative jobs abroad.
The firm has a lucrative business contract with the Scottish Executive.
They do a lot of business in lucrative overseas markets.
19
Q
malevolent
A
having or showing a desire to harm other people
She shot a malevolent look at her companion.
It seemed that a malevolent spirit was out to get me.
Her eyes looked up at him with a malevolent gaze.
20
Q
resentful
A
feeling bitter or angry about something that you think is unfair
He felt deeply resentful towards/toward his ex-wife.
He was very resentful of their success.
She felt resentful at the way she had been treated.
She looked at him, almost resentful now.
21
Q
comprehension
A
the ability to understand
He showed a total lack of comprehension.
She has no comprehension of the seriousness of the situation.
The level of violence used defies comprehension.
Why he can’t do it himself is beyond my comprehension.
He looked at her with a total lack of comprehension.
22
Q
obsess
A
to completely fill your mind so that you cannot think of anything else, in a way that is not normal (مخه اتلحس)
be obsessed by somebody/something He’s obsessed by computers.
be obsessed with somebody/something She’s completely obsessed with him.
obsess somebody The need to produce the most exciting newspaper story obsesses most journalists.
23
Q
crookedly (crooked)
A
in a way that does not form a straight line or that has many bends
a painting hanging crookedly
24
Q
delve
A
to reach inside a bag, container, etc. to search for something (dig)
She delved in her handbag for a pen.
25
spectacular
very impressive (breathtaking)
=============
The coastal road has spectacular scenery.
Messi scored a spectacular goal.
It was a spectacular achievement on their part.
a spectacular display of fireworks
The special effects were quite spectacular.
26
proportion
a part or share of a whole
===============
Water covers a large proportion of the earth's surface.
Loam is a soil with roughly equal proportions of clay, sand and silt.
The proportion of regular smokers increases with age.
A significant proportion of the books have been translated from other languages.
A higher proportion of Americans go on to higher education than is the case in Britain.
27
constitute
BE CONSIDERED AS
======================
Does such an activity constitute a criminal offence?
The increase in racial tension constitutes a threat to our society.
Does such an activity constitute a criminal offence?
The increase in racial tension constitutes a threat to our society.
to constitute a danger/crime/breach/nuisance
His action was interpreted as constituting a threat to the community.
His action was interpreted as constituting a threat to the community.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
to be the parts that together form something
===============
Female workers constitute the majority of the labour force.
People under the age of 40 constitute the majority of the labour force.
28
shovel
to lift and move earth, stones, coal, etc. with a shovel
=================
A gang of workmen were shovelling rubble onto a truck.
They went out in freezing conditions to shovel snow.
29
magnify
to make something look bigger than it really is
========
bacteria magnified to 1 000 times their actual size
an image magnified by a factor of 4
30
perplexed
confused and anxious because you are unable to understand something
=================
Gary looked rather perplexed.
Investigators are perplexed by the pilot's mistake.
She looked a little perplexed.
We are all perplexed as to how this happened.
31
rather
used to mean ‘fairly’ or ‘to some degree’
=============
rather odd/strange/unusual
a rather large sum of money
A rather small number of people turned up.
They took a rather different approach.
I thought it was a rather good idea.
The instructions were rather complicated.
She fell and hurt her leg rather badly.
I didn't fail the exam; in fact I did rather well!
It was a rather difficult question.
It was rather a difficult question.
32
oppressive
cruel and unfair treatment of people, especially by not giving them the same freedom, rights, etc. as other people (اضطهاد)
=======================
oppressive laws
an oppressive regime
The political situation has grown increasingly oppressive.
Black people continue to bear the brunt of racial violence and oppressive policing.
Her views are certainly oppressive to a large number of disabled people.
The refugees were fleeing from oppressive social and political conditions.
33
patriarchy
a society, system or country that is ruled or controlled by men (مجتمع ذكوري)
34
reinforce
to make a feeling, an idea, etc. stronger
---------------------
to make a structure or material stronger, especially by adding another material to it
(strengthen)
======================
All buildings are now reinforced to withstand earthquakes.
This report strongly reinforces the view that the system must be changed.
35
oppressor
a person or group of people that treats somebody in a cruel and unfair way, especially by not giving them the same rights, etc. as other people (ظالم)
36
catastrophe
a sudden event that causes many people to suffer
(disaster)
===============
The country is on the brink of a humanitarian catastrophe.
These policies could lead the country to environmental catastrophe.
moves to avert a national catastrophe
37
paramount
more important than anything else
(vital, crucial, essential, indispensable, decisive)
===============
This matter is of paramount importance.
Safety is paramount.
The welfare of the child must always be the court’s paramount consideration.
-----------------------------
having the highest position or the greatest power
(الراس الكبيره)
38
intrinsic
being an extremely important and basic characteristic of a person or thing
==================
the intrinsic value of education
These tasks were repetitive, lengthy and lacking any intrinsic interest.
intrinsic to something Small local shops are intrinsic to the town's character.
Maths is an intrinsic part of the school curriculum.
39
stagger
to shock or surprise somebody very much
(amaze)
=================
stagger somebody/// Her remarks staggered me.
The inspectors were staggered at the level of incompetence among senior staff.
it staggers somebody that… It staggers me that the government is doing nothing about it.
40
blank
showing no feeling, understanding or interest
======================
She stared at me with a blank expression on her face.
Steve looked blank and said he had no idea what I was talking about.
Suddenly my mind went blank (= I could not remember anything).
I asked several people about it and just got blank stares in return.
41
parameter
something that decides or limits the way in which something can be done
==============
We had to work within the parameters that had already been established.
42
legislative
```
relating to laws or the making of laws
(تشريعي)
====================
There will be few legislative changes.
They have sweeping new legislative powers.
They oppose most legislative reform.
He is an expert in legislative history.
They have too much legislative power.
```
43
fiat
an official order given by somebody in authority
(decree)
=============
Prices have been fixed by government fiat.
44
decree
an official order from a leader or a government that becomes the law
===========
a presidential/royal decree
a leader who rules by decree (= not in a democratic way)
He has been governing by emergency decree under the provisions of the constitution.
In an emergency decree, the government banned all rallies.
The president issued a decree prohibiting trade unions.
Local inspectors helped enforce presidential decrees.
45
issue
an important topic that people are discussing or arguing about
==================
This is a big issue; we need more time to think about it.
Teacher education has become a political issue.
They discussed a number of important environmental issues.
They are talking about issues relating to the safety of children online.
Her work deals with issues of race and identity.
to explore/debate/examine an issue
46
issue (verb)
to make something known formally
================
They issued a joint statement denying the charges.
a report issued by the Department for Education
A warning was issued yesterday by the government, asking people to stay in their homes.
The president has the authority to issue orders to the military.
The new guidelines have been issued to all doctors.
47
predicate on
(predicate something on/upon something) to base something on a particular belief, idea or principle
===============================
Democracy is predicated upon the rule of law.
48
mandate
AUTHORITY
================
It is undemocratic to govern an area without an electoral mandate.
mandate to do something The election victory gave the party a clear mandate to continue its programme of reform.
mandate for something a mandate for an end to the civil war
The party was elected with a mandate to reduce the size of government.
Troops moved into the country to restore order under a UN mandate.
49
revoke
revoke something to officially cancel something so that it is no longer legally acceptable
================
Your licence may be revoked at any time.
50
violate
to go against or refuse to obey a law, an agreement, etc.(انتهك)
================
to violate international law
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
to upset or not respect somebody’s peace, privacy, etc.
=================
The peace of the island community had been brutally violated.
The peace of this island community has been repeatedly violated.
Their voices sounded shrill and incongruous, violating the silence.
51
provision
to provide
=================
housing provision
The government is responsible for the provision of healthcare.
There is no provision for anyone to sit down here.
The provision of specialist teachers is being increased.
Several companies are responsible for the provision of cleaning services.
52
vicious
```
((adjective))
violent and cruel
==============
a vicious attack
a vicious criminal
She has a vicious temper.
Police described the robbery as particularly vicious.
--------------------------
full of hate and anger
=================
She wrote me a vicious letter.
The newspapers launched a vicious attack on him, forcing him to resign.
The article was vicious in its criticism of the prime minister.
```
53
cite (citation)
to mention something as a reason or an example, or in order to support what you are saying (mention) ( يستشهد ب)
===============================
There is no reason to doubt the information in the articles cited above.
He cited personal reasons for his decision to resign.
The Bank of England has cited concerns about inflation for the first time in four years.
Their method is similar to those used by many studies cited in this report.
54
temperamental
A temperamental person is someone whose mood often changes very suddenly
==================
Be careful how you approach her - she's very temperamental.
-----------------------------------------------------
connected with somebody’s nature and personality
=====================
They are firm friends in spite of temperamental differences.
55
temperamentally
in a way that is connected with somebody's nature and personality
================
I'm temperamentally unsuited to this job.
56
walloping
very big
===============
They had to pay a walloping great fine.
57
overlap
if one thing overlaps another, or the two things overlap, part of one thing covers part of the other
(يتداخل)
58
tangle
tangle (something) up to twist something into an untidy mass; to become twisted in this way
=====================
She had tangled up the sheets on the bed as she lay tossing and turning.
59
hyper- (prefix)
more than normal; too much
60
virtually
almost or very nearly, so that any slight difference is not important
==================
to be virtually impossible
Virtually all students will be exempt from the tax.
He virtually admitted he was guilty.
This year's results are virtually the same as last year's.
The red squirrel has become virtually extinct in most of the country.
61
disembodied
seeming not to have a body or not to be connected to a body
62
deceptive
likely to make you believe something that is not true
(misleading)
==============================
a deceptive advertisement
Appearances can often be deceptive (= things are not always what they seem to be).
the deceptive simplicity of her writing style (= it seems simple but is not really)
The firm was found guilty of publishing a misleading and deceptive advertisement.
63
identical
similar in every detail (similarly)
=============================
a row of identical houses
The two pictures are similar, although not identical.
identical to somebody/something Her dress is almost identical to mine.
identical with somebody/something The name on the ticket should be identical with the one in the passport.
64
inferior
not good or not as good as somebody/something else
==========================
Her obvious popularity made me feel inferior.
His later work was vastly inferior to his early work.
These later paintings are slightly inferior in value.
Women are often regarded as inferior.
The cracks in the structure were due to the poor-quality materials and inferior workmanship.
65
meek
quiet, gentle, and always ready to do what other people want without expressing your own opinion
==============================
They called her Miss Mouse because she was so meek and mild.
They hung their heads in meek submission.
66
genuinely
truly; in a way that is exactly what it appears to be and is not artificial (بصراحه)
===============================
There are some genuinely funny moments in the film.
The election result was genuinely democratic.
a genuinely new kind of politician
67
memo
a message or other information in writing sent by one person or department to another in the same business organization
===========================
An internal memo about his departure had already circulated.
a government memo obtained by the Associated Press
The confidential memo was leaked to the press.
68
tackle
(DEAL WITH)
=======================
There are many ways of tackling this problem.
I tackled him about his careless work.
The president is clearly in a dilemma about how to tackle the crisis.
There is a great deal of indecision over how to tackle the problem.
The manifesto includes tough measures to tackle road congestion and environmental pollution.
69
seminar
ندوه
70
prodigy
a young person whose intelligence or skill is unusually good for their age (نبغه / عيل فشيخ)
==========================================
a child/an infant prodigy
a musical prodigy
Mozart was an infant prodigy, composing music at the age of four.
The 12-year-old prodigy will play America’s reigning chess champion next week.
71
distribute
to give things to a large number of people; to share something between a number of people
==========================
distribute something The leaflets have been widely distributed.
The newspaper is distributed free.
to distribute fliers/pamphlets/questionnaires
Viruses are often distributed via email.
distribute something to somebody/something The organization distributed food to the earthquake victims.
distribute something among somebody/something The money was distributed among schools in the area.
distribute something between somebody/something The proceeds will be distributed between local charities.
72
explantory
the adjective of (explain)
73
verbal
relating to words (لفظي)
===================================
The job applicant must have good verbal skills.
non-verbal communication (= expressions of the face, gestures, etc.)
74
cognitive
connected with mental processes of understanding
===================================
a child’s cognitive development
cognitive psychology
They are studying the links between cognitive and linguistic development in young children.
This is both a cognitive and an emotional process.
75
primate
any animal that belongs to the group of mammals that includes humans, apes and monkeys
76
narrative
story
==================
a gripping narrative of their journey up the Amazon
a collection of personal narratives
She has woven a strong personal narrative filled with lively anecdotes.
a historical narrative of the United States
The film lacks a coherent, compelling narrative.
77
sexist
treating other people, especially women, unfairly because of their sex or making offensive remarks about them
78
discriminatory
unfair; treating somebody or one group of people worse than others
====================
discriminatory practices/rules/measures
sexually/racially discriminatory laws
Companies were urged to tackle sexually and racially discriminatory recruitment practices.
The court ruled that the rule was discriminatory against people with young children.
Women's groups claim that the laws are discriminatory.
79
discriminate
to recognize that there is a difference between people or things; to show a difference between people or things ( differentiate, distinguish)
==========================
discriminate (between A and B) The computer program was unable to discriminate between letters and numbers.
discriminate something When do babies learn to discriminate voices?
discriminate A from B A number of features discriminate this species from others.
80
radical
relating to the most basic and important parts of something; complete and detailed
============================
the need for radical changes in education
demands for radical reform of the law
radical differences between the sexes
This document marks a radical departure from earlier recommendations.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
new, different and likely to have a great effect
===========================
radical ideas
a radical solution to the problem
radical proposals
a truly radical concept
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
in favour of extreme and complete political or social change
81
consensus
an opinion that all members of a group agree with
======================================
consensus (about/on something) She is skilled at achieving consensus on sensitive issues.
There is a growing consensus of opinion on this issue.
an attempt to reach a consensus
There now exists a broad political consensus in favour of economic reform.
consensus politics (= that people in general agree with)
consensus (among somebody) (about/on something) There is a general consensus among teachers about the need for greater security in schools.
consensus that… There seems to be a consensus that the plan should be rejected.
by consensus They have always governed by consensus.
82
haul
to pull something/somebody with a lot of effort
============================
The car was hauled out of the river.
fishermen hauling in their nets
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
haul yourself up/out of, etc. to move yourself somewhere slowly and with a lot of effort
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
haul somebody + adv./prep. to force somebody to go somewhere they do not want to go
================================
She hauled herself out of bed.
He hauled himself up.
A number of suspects have been hauled in for questioning.
He was hauled off to jail.
83
rake somebody over the coals
to criticize somebody severely because they have done something wrong
84
assimilate
to fully understand an idea or some information so that you are able to use it yourself (absorb, understand)
==================================
The committee will need time to assimilate this report.
Some people can only assimilate change gradually.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
to become part of a group, country, society, etc., or to make someone or something become part of a group, country, society, etc.:
=====================================
The European Union should remain flexible enough to assimilate more countries quickly.
You shouldn't expect immigrants to assimilate into an alien culture immediately.
85
toss
to throw something lightly or carelessly // (throw) (شوح)
=============================
toss something + adv./prep. I tossed the book aside and got up.
toss something to somebody He tossed the ball to Anna.
toss somebody something He tossed Anna the ball.
86
panoply
a large and impressive number or collection of something (large collection)
==========================
The government has promised a whole panoply of social and economic improvements.
87
torture
to hurt somebody physically or mentally in order to punish them or make them tell you something
=====================================
torture somebody Many of the rebels were captured and tortured by secret police.
The prisoners were routinely tortured.
torture somebody into doing something He was tortured into giving them the information.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
torture somebody to make somebody feel extremely unhappy or anxious
============================
He spent his life tortured by the memories of his childhood.
88
comic ( adjective)
humorous and making you laugh (funny)
==================================================
a comic monologue/story
The play is both comic and tragic.
She can always be relied on to provide comic relief (= something to make you laugh) at a boring party.
He wore a red nose and novelty glasses for comic effect.
a blackly comic futuristic fantasy
89
narrowness
the fact of being limited to a small area of interest, activity, or thought
=====================================
His main flaw is his narrowness of vision.
The person who is indifferent to philosophy and art condemns himself to a depressing narrowness of outlook.
He is critical of what he sees as an inherent narrowness in thinking about psychotherapy.
90
scandal
behaviour or an event that people think is morally or legally wrong and causes public feelings of shock or anger (فضيحه)
========================================
a series of sex scandals
to cause/create a scandal
The scandal broke (= became known to the public) in May.
There has been no hint of scandal during his time in office.
a promising career wrecked by scandal
In the wake of recent accounting scandals, new cases have come to light.
The apartment was paid for by the bank at the centre of the scandal.
There have been calls for the resignation of the minister involved in the sex scandal.
the prisoner-abuse scandal
91
confused
not clear or easy to understand
=====================
The children gave a confused account of what had happened.
His mind was crowded with confused thoughts.
A confused situation followed the military coup.
92
account
a written or spoken description of something that has happened
-------------------------------
an explanation or a description of an idea, a theory or a process
93
muddle-headed
confused or with confused ideas
94
the wherewithal
the money necessary for a particular purpose
95
blackly
blackly comic/funny/humorous/satirical dealing with unpleasant or terrible things, such as murder, in a humorous way
=======================
The movie takes a blackly humorous look at death.
96
epithet
an adjective or phrase that is used to describe somebody/something’s character or most important quality, especially in order to give praise or criticism (لقب)
=========================
The film is long and dramatic but does not quite earn the epithet ‘epic’.
97
rightly
for a good reason //
==========================================
The school was rightly proud of the excellent exam results.
He was proud of his beautiful house, and rightly so.
Quite rightly, the environment is of great concern.
Rightly or wrongly, many older people are afraid of violence in the streets.
--------------------------------------------------------------
in a correct or accurate way
================
As she rightly pointed out, the illness can affect adults as well as children.
I can't rightly say what happened.
I don't rightly know where he's gone.
If I remember rightly, there's a train at six o'clock.
98
flabbergasted (informal)
extremely surprised and/or shocked (astonished)
===========================
Friends were flabbergasted by the news that they’d split up.
She was too flabbergasted to speak.
99
smart/tough cookie
(informal) a smart/tough person
100
preposterous
completely unreasonable, especially in a way that shocks or annoys you
=========================
These claims are absolutely preposterous!
It’s preposterous to suggest that everything was her fault!
The whole idea sounds quite preposterous!
101
legislation
a law or a set of laws passed by a parliament
=========================
an important piece of legislation
New legislation on the sale of drugs will be introduced next year.
They are calling for tough legislation to tackle this problem.
102
adamant
determined not to change your mind or to be persuaded about something
======================
Eva was adamant that she would not come.
The government remained adamant that there was no more money available.
103
gigantic
```
extremely large, enormous, huge
====================
a gigantic house
The problem was beginning to take on gigantic proportions.
The bomb caused a gigantic explosion.
```
104
period
period is what the full stop is called in American English
105
murderous
intending or likely to murder
106
thoroughly
```
very much; completely
====================
We thoroughly enjoyed ourselves.
I'm thoroughly confused.
a thoroughly professional performance
I can thoroughly recommend it.
I felt thoroughly ashamed of myself.
```
107
reprehensible
If someone's behaviour is reprehensible, it is extremely bad or unacceptable // morally wrong and deserving criticism
===============
reprehensible conduct/actions
108
derivation
the origin or development of something, especially a word (اصل الشيئ)
109
terminology
the set of technical words or expressions used in a particular subject (language, vocabulary)
==================
The article avoids using too much medical terminology.
The disagreement arose over a different use of terminology.
Scientists are constantly developing new terminologies.
The outer walls, in building terminology, are ‘double skin’.
110
entreat
to ask somebody to do something in a serious and often emotional way (beg)
===================
entreat somebody Please help me, I entreat you.
entreat somebody to do something She entreated him not to go.
entreat (somebody) + speech ‘Please don’t go,’ she entreated (him).
111
neologism
a new word or expression or a new meaning of a word
112
territory
land that is under the control of a particular country or political leader
113
linguistic
```
connected with language or the scientific study of language
========================
linguistic and cultural barriers
a child’s innate linguistic ability
new developments in linguistic theory
```
114
conservative
opposed to great or sudden social change; showing that you prefer traditional styles and values
==========================
the conservative views of his parents
music which is accessible to an audience with extremely conservative tastes
The southern state's inhabitants tend to be socially conservative.
Her style of dress was never conservative.
conservative in something They were deeply conservative in their outlook.
115
incautious
done without thinking carefully about the results; not thinking about what might happen
116
laudable
deserving to be praised or admired, even if not really successful
=====================
a laudable aim/attempt
It was a laudable attempt to end the stalemate in the talks.
Laudable though these aims are, they are not likely to succeed.
117
prejudiced
having an unreasonable dislike of or preference for somebody/something, especially based on their race, religion, sex, etc.
=====================
Few people will admit to being racially prejudiced.
prejudiced (against/in favour of somebody/something) They are prejudiced against older applicants.
118
embed
to fix something in a substance or solid object
119
ideology
a set of beliefs, especially one held by a particular group, that influences the way people behave
===================
the ideology of gender roles
alternative ideologies
120
catastrophe
a sudden event that causes many people to suffer
(disaster)
=================
The country is on the brink of a humanitarian catastrophe.
These policies could lead the country to environmental catastrophe.
moves to avert a national catastrophe
121
amendment
a small change or improvement that is made to a document or proposed new law; the process of changing a document or proposed new law
==========================
In total 217 MPs backed the rebel amendment opposing the government.
On a free vote, the amendment was carried by 292 votes to 246.
Parliament accepted the amendment and the bill was passed.
She withdrew her amendment and left the meeting.
The Senate added numerous amendments to the bill.
The committee does not adequately consult others when drafting amendments.
The new clause was accepted without amendment.
The programme is subject to amendment.
an amendment to the Clean Water Act
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
a change to a law that is not yet in operation and is still being discussed:
==================
An amendment to the bill was agreed without a vote.
122
chastise
chastise somebody (for something/for doing something) (formal) to criticize somebody for doing something wrong
=======================
He chastised the team for their lack of commitment.
------------------------------
to beat physically
123
shove
to push somebody/something in a rough way
=================
The crowd was pushing and shoving to get a better view.
+ adv./prep. The door wouldn't open no matter how hard she shoved.
shove somebody/something (+ adv./prep.) He shoved her down the stairs.
He shoved me roughly aside.
He was shoved to the ground.
He shoved the girl out of his way.
124
deceptive
likely to make you believe something that is not true
(misleading) like deceive
===============================
a deceptive advertisement
Appearances can often be deceptive (= things are not always what they seem to be).
the deceptive simplicity of her writing style (= it seems simple but is not really)
The firm was found guilty of publishing a misleading and deceptive advertisement.
125
willful
(of a bad or harmful action) done deliberately, although the person doing it knows that it is wrong
------------------------------------------------------------
determined to do what you want; not caring about what other people want
126
deliberately
done in a way that was planned, not by chance
| intentionally, on purpose
127
baffling
baffling (to somebody) causing you to feel completely confused and unable to understand (محير)
============================
Some of the country’s customs are baffling to outsiders.
128
tribe
(in developing countries) a group of people of the same race, and with the same customs, language, religion, etc., living in a particular area and often having one leader known as a chief
================================
tribes living in remote areas of the Amazonian rainforest
The dancers are all members of the Tembu tribe.
They recruited the toughest soldiers from the desert tribes.
We spoke to Umbara, the headman of the Ywin tribe.
129
stereotype
a fixed idea or image that many people have of a particular type of person or thing, but which is often not true in reality (صوره نمطيه)
=================
a writer who challenges sexual stereotypes
common stereotypes about the French
the media stereotype of Asian culture
the stereotype of women as passive victims
130
irreparable
(of a loss, injury, etc.) too bad or too serious to repair or put right
131
disrupt
to make it difficult for something to continue in the normal way
==========================
The bad weather has seriously disrupted supplies of food.
They warned that climate change could potentially disrupt economic activity.
I'm not going to let him disrupt my life any longer.
Public transport services are likely to be severely disrupted tomorrow.
The award ceremony was completely disrupted by a technicians' strike.
132
diagnostic
connected with identifying something an illness or other problem
133
anomaly
a thing, situation, etc. that is different from what is normal or expected
=======================
the many anomalies in the tax system
the apparent anomaly that those who produced the wealth, the workers, were the poorest
There are areas of anomaly in the report.
134
inevitable
that you cannot avoid or prevent
=======================
The scandal made her resignation inevitable.
They came to see defeat as inevitable.
135
anomalous
different from what is normal or expected
============================================
He is in an anomalous position as the only part-time worker in the firm.
They couldn’t find an explanation for the seemingly anomalous results of the experiment.
The legal status of these workers is at first sight rather anomalous.
They could find no explanation for the seemingly anomalous data.
We need to look again at any apparently anomalous cases.
136
misinterpret
```
misinterpret something (as something/doing something) to understand something/somebody wrongly
=============================
It would be easy to misinterpret results from such a small sample.
In some areas, a friendly remark to a person of the opposite sex may be misinterpreted.
She frequently felt that her work was being misinterpreted.
The policemen seemed to be deliberately misinterpreting his answers.
```
137
paranoid
afraid of other people for no reason or suspecting that they are trying to harm you, when really they are not
138
pillory
pillory somebody /to criticize somebody strongly in public
==================
He was regularly pilloried by the press for his radical ideas.
139
one-off
a thing that is made or that happens only once and not regularly
140
mealy-mouthed
not willing or honest enough to speak in a direct or open way about what you really think
141
temperament
a person’s or an animal’s nature as shown in the way they behave or react to situations or people
=============================================
to have an artistic temperament
a horse with an excellent temperament
She's a dreamer and a romantic by temperament.
To become a champion, you have to have the right temperament.
a man of an equable temperament
He has to be very diplomatic dealing with such volatile temperaments.
The islanders were generally of a benevolent temperament.
142
tape
to stick something onto something else using sticky tape
143
forum
an event or medium where people can exchange opinions and ideas on a particular issue; a meeting organized for this purpose (منتدي)
================
The conference provides a useful forum for the exchange of views and ideas.
The film show was followed by an open forum on editing techniques.
We will be hosting a two-day forum on childcare.
144
innumerable
too many to be counted; very many
145
repression
the act of using force to control a group of people and limit their freedom
===========================
Streams of migrants are fleeing war, repression and poverty.
The trade unions suffered brutal repression after the coup.
her attempts to combat censorship and political repression
repression against ethnic minorities
repression by the state
the religious repression during his rule
There was a campaign of repression against minorities in the north.
146
dreadful
very bad or unpleasant (terrible, awful)
========================
What dreadful weather!
What a dreadful thing to say!
It's dreadful the way they treat their staff.
How dreadful!
Jane looked dreadful (= looked ill or tired).
147
enforce
to make sure that people obey a particular law or rule
---------------------------------------------------------------------
to make something happen or force somebody to do something
===============================
The government may take steps to enforce compliance with the new measures.
The rules were strictly enforced.
a system of local inspectors to help enforce presidential decrees
You can't enforce cooperation between the players.
148
collective
done or shared by all members of a group of people; involving a whole group or society
=======================
It was formed as a permanent association of employers to represent their collective interests.
MPs heaved a collective sigh of relief when the news was announced last night.
The austerities of wartime Europe were still fresh in the collective memory.
There has to be a balance between individual choice and collective responsibility.
We encourage collective decision-making about patient care, involving medical staff, the patient and family.
149
newly
```
recently (usually before a past participle)
===========================
a newly qualified doctor
a newly created job
a newly independent republic
```
150
draconian
(of a law, punishment, etc.) extremely cruel and severe
=================================
The newspaper struggled to continue under the regime's draconian censorship laws.
Trade unions regarded to draft legislation as draconian.
151
tyranny
unfair or cruel use of power or authority
=====================================
a victim of oppression and tyranny
The children had no protection against the tyranny of their father.
the tyrannies of Nazi rule
(figurative) These days it seems we must all submit to the tyranny of the motor car.
152
axiom
a rule or principle that most people believe to be true
153
tyrant
dictator
154
impose
to introduce a new law, rule, tax, etc.; to order that a rule, punishment, etc. be used
======
impose something The UN Security Council imposed sanctions in 1992.
to impose a penalty/fine/sentence/ban
impose something on/upon something/somebody A new tax was imposed on fuel.
One side in the conflict cannot unilaterally impose a settlement.
The government has imposed a ban on the sale of handguns.
The terms of the contract were effectively imposed rather than agreed.
a centrally imposed school curriculum
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
to force somebody/something to have to deal with something that is difficult or unpleasant
================
impose something He described the limitations imposed by his disease.
impose something on/upon somebody/something This system imposes additional financial burdens on many people.
to impose restrictions/constraints/obligations on somebody/something
The time limits are imposed on us by factors outside our control.
-----------------------------------------------------------------
impose something (on/upon somebody) to make somebody accept the same opinions, wishes, etc. as your own
============
She didn't want to impose her values on her family.
It was noticeable how a few people managed to impose their will on the others.
155
agitate
to argue strongly for something you want, especially for changes in a law, in social conditions, etc.
==================
agitate (for/against something) political groups agitating for social change
Some militant groups have been agitating for autonomy for the region.
agitate to do something Her family are agitating to have her transferred to a prison in the UK.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
agitate somebody to make somebody feel angry, anxious or nervous
================
This remark seemed to agitate her guest.
Richard felt agitated by a mixture of anger, fear and pleasure.
156
cede
cede something (to somebody) to give somebody control of something or give them power, a right, etc., especially unwillingly
===================
Cuba was ceded by Spain to the US in 1898.
157
probe (into something)
a complete and careful investigation of something
=====
a police probe into the financial affairs of the company
Arson probe after three die at home.
158
subset
a smaller group of people or things formed from the members of a larger group
=======
a subset of the people who took part in the survey
159
spiral
If costs, prices, etc. spiral, they increase faster and faster:
160
settle
end argument
========
settle something to settle a dispute/a matter/an issue
to settle a case/lawsuit/claim
to settle an argument/a disagreement
It's time you settled your differences with your father.
I want this thing settled.
There is pressure on the unions to settle.
The company has agreed to settle out of court (= come to an agreement without going to court).
Many cases are settled through negotiation.
settle with somebody (for something) The corporation later settled with the singer for $1.5 million.
-------------------------------------------
ecide/arrange
---------------------------------
choose permanent home
161
configuration
the particular arrangement or pattern of a group of related things:
===============
We tried the furniture in different configurations to see which fit best.
162
foment
to cause trouble to develop:
163
tendency
if somebody/something has a particular tendency, they are likely to behave or act in a particular way
=============
Several patients admitted to suicidal tendencies.
The later model has an unfortunate tendency to collapse after a few weeks' use.
a worrying tendency among the abused to become abusers
our natural human tendency to group all the things we don't like together
The natural tendency is to try harder when there are problems with a project.
We have a tendency to blame ourselves when things go wrong.
The training courses aim to reduce the tendency for young people to leave the industry.
164
at the top/bottom of the heap
high up/low down in the structure of an organization or a society
165
irritated
annoyed or angry
166
ethnicity
a particular race of people, or the fact of being from a particular race of people:
========================
Many factors are important, for example class, gender, age and ethnicity.
the diverse experience of women of different ethnicities
167
compassion
a strong feeling of sympathy for people or animals who are suffering and a desire to help them
=================
to feel/show compassion
She was known as a hard woman with no compassion, no emotion.
In an overworked doctor, feelings of compassion are soon lost.
He was filled with overwhelming love and compassion for his wife.
I felt no compassion towards her.
I survived. Someone or something had had compassion on me.
In cities where many people beg, citizens quickly develop compassion fatigue.
The old people are treated with great compassion.
168
coverage
the reporting of news and sport in the media
=============
media/newspaper/press coverage
tonight’s live coverage of the hockey game
There was blanket coverage (= reports everywhere) of the royal divorce.
Media coverage of the march focused on the few fights that broke out.
The TV company was given a special award for its news coverage.
The minister's resignation was given widespread coverage.
The story dominated local news coverage.
The wedding had wide press coverage.
There's been massive television coverage of the World Cup.
--------------------------------------
the amount of something that something provides; the extent to which something covers an area or a group of people
===============
Immunization coverage against fatal diseases has increased to 99 per cent in some countries.
The service has a coverage of 90 per cent of the UK population.
169
sentiment
a feeling or an opinion, especially one based on emotions
================
All these noble sentiments have little chance of being put into practice.
He agrees with the sentiments expressed in the editorial.
I think his view reflects the sentiment of a lot of fans.
In the 19th century, anti-Catholic sentiment ran high.
It would be a mistake to ignore their strong sentiments on the issue.
The killings helped arouse popular sentiment against the organization.
The people are renowned for their deep religious sentiment.
These actions are likely to inflame anti-Western sentiment.
He was not afraid to put financial exigency before personal sentiment.
The president has distanced himself from the sentiments expressed by the vice-president.
The sentiments of young people about the matter are often ignored.
170
contaminate
to make a substance or place dirty or no longer pure by adding a substance that is dangerous or carries disease
===============
The drinking water has become contaminated with lead.
contaminated blood/food/soil
a river contaminated by pollution
These substances can contaminate groundwater.
-----------------------------
to influence people’s ideas or attitudes in a bad way
=================
They were accused of contaminating the minds of our young people
171
intellectual
connected with or using a person’s ability to think in a logical way and understand things
================
I don't think he has the intellectual skills necessary to study at this level.
It can be very difficult to measure intellectual ability.
She has a rigorously intellectual approach to the topic.
Students should be able to develop both their creative and intellectual powers.
Their political position is hard to justify in intellectual terms.
------------------------------------
well educated and enjoying activities in which you have to think seriously about things
================
She's extremely bright, but not really intellectual.
The play was obviously written for an intellectual audience.
His works were popular among the intellectual elite of the time.
172
contemptuous
feeling or showing that you have no respect for somebody/something
===================
She gave him a contemptuous look.
The company has shown a contemptuous disregard for Henry’s complaints.
Her voice sounded almost contemptuous.
contemptuous of somebody/something He was contemptuous of everything I did.
173
devious
behaving in a dishonest or indirect way, or tricking people, in order to get something (فرخ)
==============
a devious politician
He got rich by devious means.
174
oppress
to treat somebody in a cruel and unfair way, especially by not giving them the same freedom, rights, etc. as other people
=================
The regime is accused of oppressing religious minorities.
Throughout history, our people have been oppressed and exploited.
175
ethnic
connected with or belonging to a nation or people that shares a cultural tradition
==================
ethnic groups/communities
ethnic strife/tensions/violence (= between people from different races or peoples)
There are continuing ethnic tensions in the region.
ethnic Albanians living in Germany
The country is divided along ethnic lines.
176
cruel
having a desire to cause physical or mental pain and make somebody suffer
===========================
He was known to be a cruel dictator.
cruel to somebody/something I can't stand people who are cruel to animals.
Her eyes were cruel and hard.
Sometimes you have to be cruel to be kind (= make somebody suffer because it will be good for them later).
an extremely cruel regime
----------------------------------------------
causing physical or mental pain and making somebody suffer
====================
a cruel joke/hoax
cruel punishment
It was a cruel irony that he, being gravely ill, would survive his family.
It would be a cruel twist of fate if he escaped only to starve to death once outside.
Her father's death was a cruel blow.
177
superiority
the state or quality of being better, more powerful, greater, etc. than others
====================
the superiority of this operating system
to have naval/air superiority (= more ships/planes than the enemy)
superiority in something We should make use of our superiority in numbers.
superiority to/over something/somebody the company's clear technological superiority over its rivals
178
oversimplification
a description of a situation, a problem, etc. that is too simple and that ignores some of the facts
179
rapist
a person who forces somebody to have sex when they do not want to (= rapes them)
180
arsonist
a person who commits the crime of arson
181
autobiography
the story of a person’s life, written by that person; this type of writing
182
conjure up
conjure something up
to make something appear as a picture in your mind
====================
That smell always conjures up memories of holidays in France.
He strained to conjure up her face and voice, but they had vanished.
183
deceit
dishonest behaviour that is intended to make somebody believe something that is not true; an example of this behaviour (deception)
======================
He was accused of lies and deceit.
Everyone was involved in this web of deceit.
Their marriage was an illusion and a deceit.
She realized that their whole relationship had been based on lies and deceit.
184
tragedy
a very sad event or situation, especially one that involves death
=========================
It's a tragedy that she died so young.
Tragedy struck the family when their son was hit by a car and killed.
The whole affair ended in tragedy.
Investigators are searching the wreckage of the plane to try to find the cause of the tragedy.
185
imagery
language that produces pictures in the minds of people reading or listening
186
walk off
to leave a person or place suddenly because you are angry or upset
===============
She said, ‘You just don't care, do you?’ and walked off in a huff.
187
departure
an act of leaving a place
===============
His sudden departure threw the office into chaos.
rumours of her imminent/impending departure
departure from… They had received no news of him since his departure from the island.
departure for… The day of their departure for London was growing closer.
departure to… She postponed her departure to Scotland.
before departure Flights should be confirmed 48 hours before departure.
188
openly
without hiding any feelings, opinions or information
===============
Can you talk openly about sex with your parents?
The men in prison would never cry openly (= so that other people could see).
189
auditorium
the part of a theatre, concert hall, etc. in which the audience sits
================
The auditorium seats over a thousand people.
You will be taken on a guided tour of the theatre, including the stage, auditorium and backstage areas.
190
prostitute
a person who has sex for money (bitch)
191
mediocre
not very good; of only average standard
===============
a mediocre musician/talent/performance
I thought the play was only mediocre.
They have replaced a great leader with a mediocre one.
The player was under some pressure after some mediocre performances.
The use of crampons can make the difference between a mediocre climber and a good one.
192
neutral
not supporting or helping either side in a disagreement, competition, etc.
================
Journalists are supposed to be politically neutral.
I didn't take my father's or my mother's side; I tried to remain neutral.
Our actions are never culturally neutral.
The government maintained its strictly neutral policy.
The meeting must be at a politically neutral location.
neutral about this issue
Very few journalists are politically neutral.
193
rife
if something bad or unpleasant is rife in a place, it is very common there
====================
It is a country where corruption is rife.
Rumours are rife that he is going to resign.
-------------------------------------------
rife (with something) full of something bad or unpleasant
194
preference
a greater interest in or desire for somebody/something than somebody/something else
=================
It's a matter of personal preference.
I can't say that I have any particular preference.
preference for somebody/something Many people expressed a strong preference for the original plan.
Let's make a list of possible speakers, in order of preference.
He has not expressed a preference as to which school he wants to go to.
I travel by plane, for preference.
Learners show a preference for one learning style over others.
My first preference is for the applicant from Hong Kong.
Older people tend to express a preference for dark chocolate.
discrimination based on race, religion, gender or sexual preference
195
disorderly
(of people or behaviour) showing lack of control; publicly noisy or violent
========================
disorderly behaviour
A disorderly crowd had gathered outside the embassy.
--------------------------
untidy
196
rut
a boring way of life that does not change
================
I gave up my job because I felt I was stuck in a rut.
If you don't go out and meet new people, it's easy to get into a rut.
I'd got into a rut, cooking the same things week after week.
Moving abroad gave her the chance to get out of a rut.
My job bores me—I feel I'm in a rut.
197
emerge
to move out of or away from something and become possible to see
=======================
The crabs emerge at low tide to look for food.
emerge from something She finally emerged from her room at noon.
The swimmer emerged from the lake.
He emerged from the shadows.
The management team emerged from its planning meetings with ambitious goals for the year.
emerge into something We emerged into bright sunlight.
-------------------------------------------------------
(of facts, ideas, etc.) to become known
================
No new evidence emerged during the investigation.
More research is needed, but already a pattern has emerged.
More details have emerged of his relationship with the film star.
Problems with this drug are now beginning to emerge.
emerge from something A clear picture emerges from this complex set of data.
it emerges that… It emerged that the company was going to be sold.
----------------------------------------------
to start to exist; to appear or become known
===================
After the elections opposition groups began to emerge.
emerge as something He emerged as a key figure in the campaign
The University of Colorado emerged as the overall winner.
198
entrepreneur
a person who makes money by starting or running businesses, especially when this involves taking financial risks
===================
A creative entrepreneur, he was continually dreaming up new projects.
a recent MBA graduate and budding entrepreneur
199
polity
a society as a political unit
====================
Such institutions have special significance in a democratic polity.
The book offers an introduction to the distinctive nature of the British polity.
200
satire
a way of criticizing a person, an idea or an institution in which you use humour to show their faults or weaknesses; a piece of writing that uses this type of criticism
====================
political/social satire
a work full of savage/biting satire
The novel is a stinging satire on American politics.
201
demonize
demonize somebody/something to describe somebody/something in a way that is intended to make other people think of them or it as evil or dangerous
==================
He was demonized by the right-wing press.
202
misbehave
to behave badly
==================
Any child caught misbehaving was made to stand at the front of the class.
misbehave yourself I see the dog has been misbehaving itself again.
203
graffiti
drawings or writing on a wall, etc. in a public place
=======================
The subway was covered in graffiti.
Someone had scrawled graffiti all over the school walls.
a fashionable graffiti artist
204
satirist
a person who writes or uses satire
205
provoke
provoke something to cause a particular reaction or have a particular effect
==========================
The announcement provoked a storm of protest.
The article was intended to provoke discussion.
Dairy products may provoke allergic reactions in some people.
----------------------------------------------
to say or do something that you know will annoy somebody so that they react in an angry way
===========================
provoke somebody Be careful what you say—he's easily provoked.
provoke somebody into (doing) something The lawyer claimed his client was provoked into acts of violence by the defendant.
provoke somebody to do something An attack on their city will only provoke them to retaliate.
206
revivify
revivify something to give new life or health to something
207
breed
breed something to be the cause of something
=========================
Nothing breeds success like success.
-------------------------
breed something into somebody to educate somebody in a particular way as they are growing up
208
hostile
aggressive or unfriendly and ready to argue or fight
===============
The speaker got a hostile reception from the audience.
hostile to/towards somebody/something She was openly hostile towards her parents.
He was extremely hostile towards her.
The audience gave him a downright hostile reception.
The experience has made him generally hostile to women.
The press became uniformly hostile to the new administration.
They were reluctant to take any step that might be regarded as hostile.
politically hostile newspapers
-------------------------------------------
strongly rejecting something
209
malevolence
a desire to harm other people
=====================
an act of pure malevolence
210
impulsive
(of people or their behaviour) acting suddenly without thinking carefully about what might happen because of what you are doing
=============================
an impulsive decision/gesture
You're so impulsive!
He has an impulsive nature.
He told me not to be impulsive but to think it over.
211
tragic
making you feel very sad, usually because somebody has died or suffered a lot
======================
He was killed in a tragic accident at the age of 24.
Cuts in the health service could have tragic consequences for patients.
It would be tragic if her talent remained unrecognized.
a rather tragic story
212
virtue
behaviour or attitudes that show high moral standards
======
He led a life of virtue.
She was certainly no paragon of virtue (= her moral standards were very far from perfect).
---------------------
a particular good quality or habit
===============
He taught his children to practise/practice the virtues of temperance and chastity.
He understands the traditional virtue of hard work.
Philippe embodies the French virtues of charm and grace.
He was convinced of the inherent virtue of hard work.
She has just one, negative virtue—she never tells lies.
the theological virtues of faith, hope and charity
------------------------------------
an attractive or useful quality
==================
The plan has the virtue of simplicity.
He was extolling the virtues of the internet.
They could see no virtue in discussing it further.
213
interpretation
the particular way in which something is understood or explained
=========================
His writings reflect his conservative views on Biblical interpretation.
In any system of law, there is an inevitable element of judicial interpretation.
In practice, this law is often given a wide interpretation by the police.
It is possible to put an entirely different interpretation on her behaviour.
Most modern historians support this interpretation.
Scientists made an interpretation based on the data available.
She challenges many orthodox interpretations of religious texts.
The film lends itself to a fairly straightforward interpretation.
The meaning of the incident is open to subjective interpretation.
The wording of this section of the contract is open to interpretation.
feminist historical interpretations of marriage customs
214
genuine
real; exactly what it appears to be; not artificial
======================
Is the painting a genuine Picasso?
Fake designer watches are sold at a fraction of the price of the genuine article.
Only genuine refugees will be granted asylum.
The document is not considered genuine.
215
assertive
expressing opinions or desires strongly and with confidence, so that people take notice
============================
People today are more assertive in their demands for social justice.
She decided to adopt a more assertive approach.
There was a new assertive foreign policy in the White House.
They get training in how to be assertive rather than aggressive.
216
strive
to try very hard to achieve something
=======================
strive for something We encourage all members to strive for the highest standards.
strive after/towards something They were always striving towards perfection.
strive against something striving against corruption
strive to do something Newspaper editors all strive to be first with a story.
She strove to find a solution that was acceptable to all.
217
eradicate
to destroy or get rid of something completely, especially something bad
============================
eradicate something Diphtheria has been virtually eradicated in the United States.
eradicate something from something We are determined to eradicate racism from our sport.
218
brutish
unkind and violent and not showing thought or intelligence
===============================
Life for our early ancestors was nasty, brutish and short, according to the evidence.
219
diligence
careful work or great effort
=========================
She shows great diligence in her schoolwork.
220
amateur
a person who takes part in a sport or other activity for pleasure, not as a job
============================
The tournament is open to both amateurs and professionals.
I was competing as an amateur.
International affairs today are no longer for gentleman amateurs.
221
dimwit
a stupid person
222
antidote
antidote (to something) a substance that controls the effects of a poison or disease
===========================
There is no known antidote to the poison.
Quinine is a natural antidote for this fever.
The doctor administered an antidote.
---------------------------------
anything that takes away the effects of something unpleasant
=========================
The resort offers the perfect antidote to the pressures of modern life.
I think that stricter punishment is the best antidote for crime.
223
irritablity
the fact of tending to get annoyed easily
========================
Lack of vitamin B in the diet causes irritability.
224
engrossing
so interesting that you give it all your attention and time
225
traverse
traverse something to cross an area of land or water
===========================
skiers traversing the slopes
The region is traversed by several roads.
The region is more difficult to traverse than the Alps or the Himalayas.
The trail traverses steep, rocky slopes.
The guests are obliged to traverse a vast hall.
226
procreation
the act or process of producing children or baby animals
227
whack
whack somebody/something (+ adv./prep.) (informal) to hit somebody/something very hard
=====================
She whacked him with her handbag.
James whacked the ball over the net.
228
gratified
pleased or satisfied
=====================
gratified (at something) We were extremely gratified at the number of people who supported us.
gratified (to find, hear, see, etc.) She was gratified to find that they had followed her advice.
229
insistence
an act of demanding or saying something clearly and refusing to accept any opposition or excuses
===============
at somebody's insistence At her insistence, the matter was dropped.
insistence on/upon (doing) something their insistence on strict standards of behaviour
insistence that… No one was convinced by his insistence that he was not to blame.
The union has dropped its earlier insistence that workers should receive bonus payments.
an insistence upon the highest standards of grammatical correctness
insistence by the government that 25 per cent of all household waste be recycled
their repeated insistence that the trial be held in a US court
230
constraint
a thing that limits something, or limits your freedom to do something
====================
constraints of time/money/space
financial/economic/legal/political constraints
constraint on something This decision will impose serious constraints on all schools.
The government has placed tight constraints on spending this year.
There are major financial constraints on all schools.
We have to work within severe constraints.
We are severely limited by legal and political constraints.
231
interfere
to get involved in and try to influence a situation that should not really involve you, in a way that annoys other people
=================
I wish my mother would stop interfering and let me make my own decisions.
interfere in something The police are very unwilling to interfere in family problems.
If you try and interfere in my life, I'll leave.
The court will not lightly interfere while an interim order is in place.
The courts are reluctant to interfere in these matters.
The judge cannot interfere directly in these proceedings.
They have no right to interfere in the internal affairs of other countries.
Why was he constantly interfering in her life?
232
gratify
to please or satisfy somebody
=====================
it gratifies somebody to do something It gratified him to think that it was all his work.
gratify somebody I was gratified by their invitation.
233
reciprocity
a situation in which two people, countries, etc. provide the same help or advantages to each other
234
incumbent
a person who has an official position
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the present incumbent of the White House
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incumbent on/upon somebody (to do something) (formal) necessary as part of somebody’s duties
235
reciprocal
involving two people or groups who agree to help each other or behave in the same way to each other
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The two colleges have a reciprocal arrangement whereby students from one college can attend classes at the other.
a reciprocal relationship between citizens and the state
Anita had a reciprocal arrangement with her brother—each would take care of the other’s children if the need arose.
236
ethic
moral principles that control or influence a person’s behaviour
======================
professional/business/medical ethics
to draw up a code of ethics
He began to question the ethics of his position.
237
conundrum
a confusing problem or question that is very difficult to solve
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The role of clouds is one of the big conundrums of climatology.
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a question, usually involving a trick with words, that you ask for fun
238
nihilism
the belief that life has no meaning or purpose and that religious and moral principles have no value
239
indsputable
that is true and cannot be disagreed with or denied
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indisputable evidence
an indisputable fact
It is indisputable that the crime rate has been rising.
The report should distinguish clearly between indisputable fact, firm opinion and mere speculation.
240
confront
confront somebody/something (of problems or a difficult situation) to appear and need to be dealt with by somebody
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What is to be done about the economic problems confronting the country?
I was suddenly confronted by the task of rewriting the entire book.
The government found itself confronted by massive opposition.
This was the first time he had confronted an armed robber.
Confronted by an angry crowd, the police retreated.
The demonstrators found themselves confronted by a line of police, blocking the road.
241
constrain
to force somebody to do something or behave in a particular way
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be/feel constrained to do something The evidence was so compelling that he felt constrained to accept it.
The company said that it was constrained to raise prices.
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to limit somebody/something
=======================
be constrained (by something) Research has been constrained by a lack of funds.
Men and women are becoming less constrained by stereotyped roles.
constrain something There are a number of factors that constrain agricultural development.
be/feel constrained from doing something She felt constrained from continuing by the threat of losing her job.
242
doctrine
a belief or set of beliefs held and taught by a Church, a political party, etc.
=====================
the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty
He challenged the Christian doctrine of Original Sin.
He was deeply committed to political doctrines of social equality.
243
forthrightly
in a direct and honest way
244
frankly
in an honest and direct way that people might not like
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He spoke frankly about the ordeal.
They frankly admitted their responsibility.
245
detach
to remove something from something larger; to become separated from something
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detach something Detach the coupon and return it as soon as possible.
detach something from something One of the panels had become detached from the main structure.
detach (from something) The skis should detach from the boot if you fall.
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detach yourself (from somebody/something) (formal) to leave or separate yourself from somebody/something
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She detached herself from his embrace.
(figurative) I tried to detach myself from the reality of these terrible events.
A figure in white detached itself from the shadows.
246
corollary
corollary (of/to something) something that results from something else
====================
In rural areas, the corollary of increased car ownership has been a rapid decline in the provision of public transport.
247
advocate
to support something publicly
===============
advocate something The group does not advocate the use of violence.
Heart specialists strongly advocate low-cholesterol diets.
These policies have been widely advocated.
advocate (somebody) doing something Many experts advocate rewarding your child for good behaviour.
advocate that… The report advocated that all buildings be fitted with smoke detectors.
(British English also) The report advocated that all buildings should be fitted with smoke detectors.
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inherent
inherent (in somebody/something) that is a basic or permanent part of somebody/something and that cannot be removed
==============
the difficulties inherent in a study of this type
Violence is inherent in our society.
an inherent weakness in the design of the machine
249
arbitrary
(of an action, a decision, a rule, etc.) not seeming to be based on a reason, system or plan and sometimes seeming unfair
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The choice of players for the team seemed completely arbitrary.
He makes unpredictable, arbitrary decisions.
250
metaphorically
a word or phrase used to describe somebody/something else, in a way that is different from its normal use, in order to show that the two things have the same qualities and to make the description more powerful, for example She has a heart of stone; the use of such words and phrases
====================
a game of football used as a metaphor for the competitive struggle of life
the writer’s striking use of metaphor
‘This vale of tears’ is a metaphor for the human condition.
He uses the metaphor of fire to represent hatred.
The ladder metaphor works in several ways.
an extended metaphor for human existence
