Josie's Technologies Flashcards
(16 cards)
Hemodialysis
Dialysis is the process of filtering blood external from the body to relieve pressure from a damaged kidney, ensuring that homeostasis can be maintained through osmoregulation, maintaining electrolyte balance, and other.
- Dialysate can contain herparin (anti-coagulant), other medication to improve blood health, other solutes to regulate pH
- Flows in the opposite direction -> diffusion efficiency.
- Semi-permeable membrane
Potential complications:
* Air embolisms (bubbles) - heart attacks and strokes
* Vascular access -> worsen cardiovascular issues. E.g. anaemia (blood left in machine) and hypotension (low).
* Rapid removal of fluid -> severe dehydration, drop in blood pressure.
Diabetic nephropathy
Caused by diabetes. The other comorbities associated such as obesity and poor vision -> cannot do independently. Also, higher risk of peritonitis.
- Chronic high level of glucose -> impair nephrons. However, 80-90% kidney function is lost before symptoms appear.
- Results in water retention, electrolyte balance, buildup of toxins, high blood pressure -> incorrectly stimulate aldosterone -> higher salt and water retention -> high blood pressure -> damage kidneys
Glomerulonephritis
Inflammation of glomeruli, caused by bacteria or viruses. Also can be caused by genetic disorders such as alport syndrome.
Generally a stable kidney failure, and in many cases the degredation of function plateaus -> peritoneal.
* Gentler on bloodstream - not worsen inflammation
The malfunction of the filtering units only places further strain on the kidneys, as homeostasis is not regulated properly, and therefore it continues to not efficiently filter blood.
Myopia
Needs concave lenses
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- Elongated eyeball
- Ciliary muscles less adept at contracting
Hyperopia
Weakening ciliary muscles and decreased flexibility (presbyopia)
* Concave - converging
Cataracts
Clouding of lens - proteins and fibres break down.
* Opacity - scatters light.
* Associated with presbyopia
* With aging - majority have by 80. Though lens health can be prolonged with reduced UV and smoking exposure.
Phacoemulsification + IOL
Pseudophakic: clear vision with natural power of lens, focusing light onto retina - does not have natural flexibility (despite multifocal IOLs) - requires lenses
Otitis media
Conductive hearing loss
- Infection in the middle ear - malfunction: eustachian tube does not drain properly, builds up in eardrum -> bacteria + virus.
- Ossicles do not transmit kinetic energy efficiently to the inner ear.
- Generally temporary - once fluid drains, immune system.
- However, recurrent infection -> permament damage to eardrum, ossicles or hearing nerve -> sensorineural hearing loss such as tympanosclerosis
- Common in children - horizontal eustachian tube.
Sensory presbycusis
Receptor hair cells at the basal aspect of the cochlear degrade -> high-frequency hearing loss.
- Hair cells include cilia that vibrate with sound waves in cochlea fluid -> these do not regenerate.
- Consonants - conversation difficult. Noisy setting -> brain works to fill in gaps -> fatigue, communication difficulty.
- Cognitive overload -> dementia.
LASIK
Laser assisted in situ keratomileusis
* Femtosecond laser: flap -> access
* Excimer laser: reshape corneal tissue
* 10-15 mins per eye.
For those with a stable prescription, not with health complications that would prevent healing - otherwise corneal scarring.
Potential side-effects
* Undercorrections: too much corneal tissue removed.
* Corneal ectasia: weakened cornea -> bulging.
* Side effects: light sensistivity, double vision, halos.
10-12% experience regression over 10 years, and it does not stop natural aging that changes the eye shape.
Peritoneal dialysis
After a dwell time, this dialysis solution is drained by another catheter. Equilibrium in the blood has been reached.
* No blood pumps or anti-coagulants > gentler on cardiovascular system.
Peritonitis - recurrent can cause peritoneal scarring, reducing effectiveness.
After a dwell time, this dialysis solution is drained by another catheter. Equilibrium in the blood has been reached.
Living donor transplants
Kidney is placed in abdomen and surgically connected to nearby blood vessels, then renal artery + vein. Ureter connected to their bladder.
Transplanted kidney may need dialysis temporarily - days to weeks. Must be monitored for graft failure or early rejection.
Many medication needed: especially immunosuppressants to reduce the risk of kidney rejection. Increased chance of infection and diabetes. However, dosage reduces over time.
Living kidney is generally healthier and surgery can be elective -> promoting health of patient and success of transplanted kidney. Lower risk of early rejection.
BCI
Bypasses the eardrum (outer and middle ear) - conducts sound waves not through ear canal but straight to cochlear through bones.
External sound processor: sound waves -> electrical signals
Small titanium implant: signals -> mechanical vibrations
Abutment/magnet: connects implant to sound processor
Listening with less amplification (feedback), for those with severe conductive hearing loss among others
Cochlear nerve and auditory cortex remain engaged with stimuli. Speech clarity
Adv: ear kept free from blockages (ear discharge, skin conditions, prevent infection)
Risk: osseointegration fails - implant falls out - infection.
Cochlear
External sound processor: sound broken into different frequencies.
Transmitter coil: signal to internal implant
Receiver stimulator: signal to electrical impulses
Electrode array: impulses to different regions of auditory nerve. Nerve stimulated electrically
For profound deafness. Therefore, this is highly suited for young children, as by exposing sound during the optimal period for linguistic development. Learn to communicate without visual cues such as lipreading or sign language.
Risk: temp/perm facial paralysis from surgery.
Speech therapy required.
* Does not perfectly simulate sound - limited channels.
But is good: perceive varying volume/tones -> danger signals.
Hearing aids
Microphone: has directionality (multiple microphones). Sound origin determined by time difference when sound hits microphones. Polar patterns + machine learning algorithms -> processors prioritise different sounds. Good for conversation in noisy settings.
Amplifier: increases volume of certain frequencies. Enhanced by noise reduction technology -> reduce background noise. Enhance higher frequencies. Allows for selective amplification -> otherwise overwhelming and unclear listening experience.
Receiver: speaker
Bluetooth connectivity: earphones, basically. Live adjustments to volume, transparency modes, sound settings
Over time, the brain will learn how to filter out background noises, which had previously not even been completely processed.
For a comfortable listening experience, a detailed fitting session is necessary
Astigmatism
Uneven surface on the cornea (corneal) or lens (lenticular). There is mismatched steepness. This creates multiple focal points in the eye, and only parts of an object are in focus - blurry vision close and far.
This is corrected by lenses that counteract the curvature of the astigmatism
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