July 17th

Question 1

polychromatic light vs monochromatic light

Answer 1

polychromatic- light waves with different wave lengths- white light

monochromatic- only one colour

Question 2

why does thin-oil interference generate multicoloured array when 2 semitransparent fluids are used (water sitting on oil)

Answer 2

the thickness of the top fluid varies along the fluid interface

• constructive and destructive interference among waveforms of polychromatic light

Question 3

undermines complacency

Answer 3

undermines- erodes the foundation, lessens the effectiveness of

complacency- feeling smug or uncritical satisfaction with oneself or ones achivments
-feeling pleasure of security, often while unaware of some potencial danger

Question 4

a complacent attitude

Answer 4

too satisfied with yourself in a situation, so that any change is unnessasry

Question 5

pragmatic

Answer 5

dealing with things sensibly and realistically in a way that is based on practical rather than theoretical considerations

Question 6

sentiment

Answer 6

an opinion, view, feeling, attitude

Question 7

when James said there was no such thing as “the religious sentiment” he meant

Answer 7

no one attitude

he was more openminded, leading his to conclude that there are many vible religious perspectives!

Question 8

pluralistic

Answer 8

relating to or advocating a system in which multiple states, groups, principles, ideas, sources of authority can coexist

• in philosophy, pluralistic approach is one that recognizes that there is more than one ultimate principle

Question 9

empiricist

Answer 9

a person who supports the theory that all knowledge is based on experience derived from the senses

Question 10

what do empiricist believe

Answer 10

Empiricism is a philosophical belief that states your knowledge of the world is based on your experiences, particularly your sensory experiences. According to empiricists, our learning is based on our observations and perception; knowledge is not possible without experience.

Question 11

subordinate

Answer 11

lower in rank or importance

Question 12

myr-i-ad (mere-i-ad)

Answer 12

extremely great number

Question 13

trigonal planar vs trigonal pyramid

Answer 13

planar - has 3 sigma bonds- no lone pairs (120)

pyramid - 3 sigma and one lone pair at the top - basically similar to tetrahedral but one of the bonds is a lone pair)

Question 14

watts (power)

Answer 14

J/s

Question 15

joules

Answer 15

N x m

Question 16

what are all waves on the spectrum

Answer 16

electromagnetic

Question 17

which are low f and long? whats their energy like

Answer 17

long radio waves - lower energy bc E= hf - low f = low energy

Question 18

red or violet lower f

Answer 18

violet high f (400nm) –> red longer

Question 19

how fast do waves travel in air assumption

Answer 19

c

Question 20

if a wavelength is doubled what happens to speed?

Answer 20

v= f x wavelength,

BUT

Even though the wave speed is calculated by multiplying wavelength by frequency, an alteration in wavelength does not affect wave speed. Rather, an alteration in wavelength affects the frequency in an inverse manner. A doubling of the wavelength results in a halving (1/2) of the frequency; yet the wave speed is not changed.

Question 21

what can v= f x wavelength be used for?

Answer 21

this can be used to find wavelength or f —> never to find the speed, bc think of speed almost as a contrast–> a doubling of wavelength = 1/2 f

Question 22

how does n affect wavelength?

Answer 22

1. n=c/v ….. v= c/n ( so if n gets bigger, v decreases )
2. v= f x wavelength –> so speed decreases, and f is the same (f ALWAYS stays the same when traveling from one medium to another), the wavelength decreases

Although the wave slows down, its frequency remains the same, due to the fact that its wavelength is shorter. When waves travel from one medium to another the frequency never changes. As waves travel into the denser medium, they slow down and wavelength decreases.

Question 23

what happens when a wave travels into a denser medium

Answer 23

n increases,

v= c/n ( speed than decreases)

if the speed decreases, f always the same - the wavelength decreases

Question 24

real vs virtual images

Answer 24

real is where the light should actually go –> in mirrors its reflected - so the image on same side= real

in the lens- it is refracted, so real would be on the other side

Question 25

if the image is real it is always?

Answer 25

inverted (UV and IR)

Question 26

what indicates a "real" image

Answer 26

a positive di (image distance)

Question 27

what indicates a converging species

Answer 27

a positive F or r ( converging species would be a concave mirror or convex lens)

Question 28

focal length

Answer 28

is 1/2 r

Question 29

whats m

Answer 29

- magnification and it is the negative ratio of di/do and also the ratio of image size/ object size - if m is negative = inverted - if m is smaller than 1 --> image is smaller - if m is greater than 1 --> image is enlarged

Question 30

if an object is on the F

Answer 30

no image

Question 31

critical angle

Answer 31

when angle 2 = 90 degrees = 1 angle 1= sin inverse ( n2/n1)

Question 32

what mirrors NEVER produce real images

Answer 32

- plane - convex mirror - concave (diverging lens)

Question 33

concave mirrors and convex lens can only produce REAL images when???

Answer 33

the object is beyond the focal point (real and inverted) - mirror- same side and inverted - lens- other side and inverted

Question 34

when thickness cannot be negligible?

Answer 34

use lens makers equation: 1/f = (n-1) (1/r1 -1/r2)

Question 35

lens power

Answer 35

1/f measured in diopters - and will have the same sign as f

Question 36

me, i can see near things, but not far so i wear my diva glasses

Answer 36

myopia= nearsightedness = diverging lens

Question 37

spherical abberation

Answer 37

blurring of the periphery of the image bc not a uniform on focal point -The shape of a spherical lens causes a problem called spherical aberration. In spherical aberration, parallel light rays that pass through the central region of the lens focus farther away than light rays that pass through the edges of the lens. The result is many focal points, which produce a blurry image.

Question 38

dispersion occurs why?

Answer 38

due to the fact that the medium (n) can affect wavelength and speed (if denser- slows done wave, wavelength changes) -Because different wavelengths (colors) of light travel through a medium at different speeds, the amount of bending is different for different wavelengths. Violet is bent the most and red the least because violet light has a shorter wavelength, and short wavelengths travel more slowly through a medium than longer ones do. The wavelength and speed of the light change as it travels from one medium to another. ... When it travels through a prism or any other medium, having a relatively higher optical density, the speed of each colour changes and so they cannot remain together as white light. Hence, the separate out and dispersion occur.

Question 39

what wavelengths travel slower through a dense medium

Answer 39

short wavelengths, violet v= f x wavlength when denser- wavelength decreases bc wave slows down, so wavelength has to get shorter in order to maintain the same frequency

Question 40

plane-polarized light

Answer 40

light in which all their electric feild vectors are pointed the same way - used in orgo to determine chiral centers--> shoot plane polarized light at it, which way does it rotate

Question 41

how does the brigh max in a single-lens slit behave as a gets narrower

Answer 41

brigh max gets wider

Question 42

quick way to determine pH from [H]

Answer 42

ph = (e-1) . (10-n)

Question 43

relate acid strength to the periodic table

Answer 43

increases from left to right across periodic table and increases going down ( bc the bigger the central atom is, the better it is at holding a negative charge) - example ---> HI is very strong

Question 44

strong acids (I want to know 6)

Answer 44

HI HBR HCl * look on periodic table these are far right and at bottom HNO3 H2SO4 HClO4 (stongest - bc 4 very electroneg oxygen, and resoance stability with negative charge) order= HClO4 (perchloric acid), HI, Hbr, HCl, H2SO4, HNO3

Question 45

for polyprotic acids, after they lose one are they more likely to lose a second?

Answer 45

- no, the first one, will have the largest Ka, bc the leftover H would help donate so +, don't want him to leave too soon For polyprotic acids, the first Ka is always the largest, followed by the second, etc.; this indicates that the protons become successively less acidic as they are lost. Although the tendency to lose each acidic proton decreases as subsequent ones are lost, all possible ionic species do exist in solution; to calculate their fractional concentration, one can use equations that rely on equilibrium constants and the concentration of protons in solution.

Question 46

is H2SO4 or HNO3 more acidic

Answer 46

H2SO4 bc it has more oxygen attached - stabalized negative charge better

Question 47

strong acid has?

Answer 47

very high Ka and a low pka (below 0)