Justice Flashcards
(108 cards)
1
Q
What is the title of John Rawls’ classic work on justice?
A
A Theory of Justice
2
Q
What does Rawls refer to as the first virtue of social institutions?
A
Justice
3
Q
In which year was ‘A Theory of Justice’ published?
A
1971
4
Q
What philosophical approach does Rawls’ theory represent?
A
Contractual approach applied to liberal justice
5
Q
What are the three types of procedural justice identified by Rawls?
A
- Pure procedural
- Perfect procedural
- Imperfect procedural
6
Q
What does Rawls argue about the distribution of primary goods?
A
They should be distributed equally among all members of society
7
Q
What are the primary goods according to Rawls?
A
- Rights
- Liberties
- Income
- Wealth
- Opportunity
8
Q
What is the concept of ‘veil of ignorance’ in Rawls’ theory?
A
Individuals make decisions without knowledge of their personal circumstances
9
Q
What is the first principle of justice according to Rawls?
A
Each person has an equal right to the most extensive total system of equal basic liberties
10
Q
What is the difference principle as articulated by Rawls?
A
Social and economic inequalities are to be arranged to benefit the least advantaged
11
Q
How does Rawls order his principles of justice?
A
1, 2b, 2a
12
Q
What does the equality principle in Rawls’ theory emphasize?
A
Equal rights to liberty and freedom for every individual
13
Q
What is the main criticism against Rawls’ universalism?
A
Criticized by communitarians
14
Q
What does Nozick’s theory of justice emphasize?
A
Libertarianism and minimal state intervention
15
Q
What are the three modes of acquisition identified by Nozick?
A
- Self-ownership
- Natural world
- Products of one’s labor
16
Q
What is Nozick’s principle of initial acquisition?
A
Legitimate appropriation of unowned resources without making anyone worse off
17
Q
What does Hayek argue about social justice?
A
It is an unrealizable principle
18
Q
What does humanitarianism refer to?
A
The spirit of human welfare that compels assistance to the needy
19
Q
What is Marx’s view on modes of distribution?
A
‘To each according to his need’ is morally superior to ‘to each according to his ability’
20
Q
What significant event established the first socialist state according to Marxist principles?
A
Bolshevik Revolution in 1917
21
Q
What was Mao Zedong’s contribution to Marxist principles?
A
Transformation of bourgeois culture into socialist culture
22
Q
What is reflexive equilibrium in Rawls’ theory?
A
A state where moral judgments are reached through rational deliberation
23
Q
True or False: Rawls’ theory is primarily concerned with defining what is good for individuals.
A
False
24
Q
Fill in the blank: According to Rawls, justice is the _______ virtue of social institutions.
A
first
25
What does the transformation of the economic system involve according to the text?
Transformation of bourgeois culture into socialist culture
## Footnote
This concept emphasizes a dual transformation necessary for socialism.
26
Who was the chief architect of the socialist revolution in China?
Mao Zedong (1893-1976)
## Footnote
Mao played a significant role in interpreting Marxism-Leninism.
27
What does Mao postulate about the class struggle after the proletarian revolution?
It will continue for a very long period
## Footnote
Mao suggests that revolution must persist on political and ideological fronts.
28
What is the concept of 'permanent revolution' associated with?
Ongoing class struggle in socialism
## Footnote
This includes political, cultural, ideological, and educational fields.
29
What is the central declaration of the Communist Manifesto regarding property?
Abolition of private property
## Footnote
This is seen as a pathway to abolish classes and class antagonism.
30
What are the three dimensions of the feminist perspective on justice?
* Political Sphere
* Economic Sphere
* Cultural Sphere
## Footnote
This perspective seeks restoration of justice for women.
31
When did women gain voting rights in the USA?
1920
## Footnote
This marks a significant milestone in women's rights.
32
Who introduced the concept of 'subaltern' in social theory?
Antonio Gramsci (1891-1937)
## Footnote
Gramsci's ideas emerged during his imprisonment by Mussolini.
33
What theory challenged the Marxian theory of class structure in the early twentieth century?
Elite theory
## Footnote
This theory was developed by thinkers like Pareto, Mosca, and Michels.
34
Who is a main exponent of the communitarian perspective?
Will Kymlicka
## Footnote
He authored 'Contemporary Political Philosophy: An Introduction' (2002).
35
How does liberalism define the common good?
As the sum total of individual goods
## Footnote
This contrasts with communitarianism's view of the common good.
36
What is the difference between 'right' and 'good' in liberal and communitarian perspectives?
* Liberalism prioritizes 'right' over 'good'
* Communitarianism sees 'right' as implying virtue
## Footnote
This distinction is crucial in understanding their theories of justice.
37
What critique did Alasdair MacIntyre have regarding liberalism?
It promotes moral relativism and detaches individuals from social context
## Footnote
He emphasized the importance of social relationships in moral philosophy.
38
What did Michael Sandel argue about liberal theories?
They fail to recognize our embeddedness in culture
## Footnote
He advocates for a political theory that fosters commonality.
39
What is the premise of Charles Taylor's argument against liberal individualism?
Human agency is understood through interaction with others
## Footnote
He challenges the concept of individuals as isolated choosers.
40
What does Michael Walzer argue about the search for a universal theory of justice?
It is misguided and must consider community context
## Footnote
Walzer emphasizes complex equality in social goods distribution.
41
What is 'complex equality' as per Walzer?
Distribution of social goods respecting boundaries of different spheres
## Footnote
This concept suggests that no single factor like wealth determines social status.
42
What critique is often made about Walzer's theory?
It lacks a strong political philosophy despite a strong moral philosophy
## Footnote
This highlights the difficulty in comparing non-economic factors.
43
DD Raphael term and def for justice
Modern Conciousness
44
What is the primary focus of justice in political theory?
The fair distribution of benefits and burdens in society.
45
True or False: Justice is solely concerned with legal matters.
False
46
Fill in the blank: John Rawls' theory of justice is based on the concept of the __________.
original position
47
What are the two principles of justice according to John Rawls?
The principle of equal liberty and the difference principle.
48
Which philosopher is known for the concept of 'distributive justice'?
Aristotle
49
True or False: Utilitarianism advocates for the greatest good for the greatest number.
True
50
What is the main criticism of utilitarianism in the context of justice?
It can overlook individual rights.
51
Who proposed the concept of 'social justice'?
Various thinkers, but notably T.H. Marshall.
52
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a type of justice? A) Retributive B) Distributive C) Procedural D) Absolute
D) Absolute
53
What does 'retributive justice' focus on?
Punishment for wrongdoing.
54
Fill in the blank: __________ justice emphasizes fairness in the processes that resolve disputes.
Procedural
55
What is the 'veil of ignorance'?
A method of determining the morality of issues by pretending that societal positions are unknown.
56
True or False: Justice can be understood as a static concept.
False
57
Who is associated with the theory of 'commutative justice'?
Thomas Aquinas
58
What does 'commutative justice' refer to?
Justice in exchanges between individuals.
59
Multiple Choice: Which philosopher emphasized justice as fairness? A) Karl Marx B) John Rawls C) Friedrich Nietzsche D) Plato
B) John Rawls
60
What is the concept of 'meritocracy' related to in justice?
Distributive justice based on individual merit.
61
Fill in the blank: __________ justice is concerned with the allocation of resources in society.
Distributive
62
True or False: Justice is only a concern of political philosophy.
False
63
What is 'restorative justice'?
A system of justice focused on repairing the harm caused by criminal behavior.
64
Who is a prominent advocate of restorative justice?
Howard Zehr
65
Multiple Choice: Which type of justice seeks to ensure fairness in the procedures of legal systems? A) Distributive B) Procedural C) Retributive D) Restorative
B) Procedural
66
What does the term 'equity' refer to in the context of justice?
Fairness and impartiality in treatment.
67
True or False: Justice always requires equal treatment for all.
False
68
What is 'global justice' concerned with?
The fairness of justice on a global scale, often focusing on issues like poverty and human rights.
69
Fill in the blank: __________ justice addresses the rights of individuals and groups in society.
Social
70
Who argued that justice should be based on the social contract?
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
71
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a principle of social justice? A) Equality B) Hierarchy C) Competition D) Isolation
A) Equality
72
What is the 'difference principle' in Rawls' theory?
Social and economic inequalities should be arranged to benefit the least advantaged.
73
True or False: Justice can be interpreted differently across cultures.
True
74
What does 'feminist justice' critique?
Traditional notions of justice that ignore gender inequalities.
75
Fill in the blank: __________ justice emphasizes the need for societal structures to address historical injustices.
Restorative
76
Who is the author of 'A Theory of Justice'?
John Rawls
77
Multiple Choice: What principle does Rawls believe should take precedence? A) Liberty B) Equality C) Difference D) Authority
A) Liberty
78
What is the role of 'justice' in the social contract theory?
To establish the rules and principles that govern society.
79
True or False: The concept of justice has remained unchanged throughout history.
False
80
What is 'environmental justice' concerned with?
The fair treatment of all people regarding environmental laws and policies.
81
Fill in the blank: __________ justice seeks to ensure that marginalized communities have a voice in environmental decision-making.
Environmental
82
Who coined the term 'justice as fairness'?
John Rawls
83
Multiple Choice: Which philosopher critiqued the idea of justice from a Marxist perspective? A) John Stuart Mill B) Karl Marx C) Immanuel Kant D) Michel Foucault
B) Karl Marx
84
What is the significance of the 'social contract' in political theory?
It represents an agreement among individuals to form a society and establish governance.
85
True or False: Justice is a concept that applies only to legal systems.
False
86
What does 'transitional justice' focus on?
Addressing past human rights violations in societies transitioning from conflict or authoritarian rule.
87
Fill in the blank: __________ justice emphasizes the need for accountability and reparations for past wrongs.
Transitional
88
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a key concern of political justice? A) Economic policies B) Legal frameworks C) Social norms D) All of the above
D) All of the above
89
What is the difference between 'negative' and 'positive' rights in the context of justice?
Negative rights require others to abstain from interfering, while positive rights require action to ensure provision.
90
True or False: Justice is only concerned with outcomes, not processes.
False
91
What role does 'merit' play in theories of justice?
Merit is often used to determine the fair allocation of resources and opportunities.
92
Fill in the blank: __________ justice advocates for the protection of individual rights in society.
Legal
93
Who is known for the concept of 'justice as recognition'?
Axel Honneth
94
Multiple Choice: Which philosopher argued that justice is about giving each individual their due? A) Aristotle B) Hobbes C) Locke D) Rousseau
A) Aristotle
95
What is 'distributive justice' concerned with?
The equitable allocation of resources among individuals in a society.
96
True or False: Justice has no ethical implications.
False
97
What does 'individual justice' focus on?
The treatment of individuals within the context of justice.
98
Fill in the blank: __________ justice is concerned with the moral implications of actions and their consequences.
Ethical
99
What is the primary aim of 'retributive justice'?
To provide a punishment that is proportionate to the crime.
100
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a characteristic of restorative justice? A) Punishment B) Rehabilitation C) Retribution D) Isolation
B) Rehabilitation
101
What does the term 'social equity' refer to?
The fair treatment and equal access to opportunities for all individuals in society.
102
True or False: Theories of justice can evolve over time.
True
103
What is the importance of 'civic justice'?
It emphasizes the role of citizens in maintaining justice within their communities.
104
Fill in the blank: __________ justice focuses on the rights and responsibilities of individuals in a democratic society.
Civic
105
What is meant by the term 'justice in transition'?
The challenges of establishing justice in societies undergoing significant change.
106
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a critique of traditional justice systems? A) They are too lenient B) They ignore social context C) They are always fair D) They focus on rehabilitation
B) They ignore social context
107
What does 'participatory justice' involve?
Engaging individuals in the decision-making processes that affect their lives.
108
