Juvenile justice history Flashcards
(44 cards)
Act of Regulate the Treatment and Control of Dependent, Neglected and Delinquent Children, Illinois Juvenile Court Act
Passed by the Illinois legislature in 1899; established first juvenile court among states; also known as the Illinois Juvenile Court Act.
Jane Addams
Established Hull House in Chicago in 1889; assisted wayward and homeless youth.
At-Risk Youths
Juveniles who are considered more susceptible to the influence of gangs and delinquent peers; tend to be characterized as having learning disabilities, greater immaturity, lower socioeconomic status, and parental dysfunction, as well as being otherwise disadvantaged by their socioeconomic and enviromental circumstances.
Banishment
Sanction used to punish offenders by barring them from a specified number of miles from settlements or towns; often a capital punishment, because those banished could not obtain food or water to survive the isolation.
Bridewell Workhouse
16th-century London jail (Sometimes called Gaol) established in 1557; also known for providing cheap labor to business and mercantile interests; jailers and sheriffs profited from prisoner exploitation.
Career escalation
Moving as a juvenile offender to progressively more-serious offenses as new offenses are committed; for example, committing new violent offenses after adjudication for property offenses.
Chancery courts; Court of Equity
Court of Equity rooted in early English common law where civil disputes are resolved; also responsible for juvenile matters and adjudicatory family matters, such as divorce; have jurisdiction over contract disputes, property boundary claims, and exchanges of goods disputes.
Chancellors
Civil servants who acted on behalf the king of England during the middle ages; chancellors held court and settled property disputes, trespass cases, and minor property offenses as well as those involving thievery, vagrancy, and public drunkenness.
Child Savers Movement
Organized effort during the early 1800s to provide assistance, including food and shelter to wayward youth.
Civil tribunals
see children’s tribunals
Children’s tribunals
Informal court mechanisms originating in Massachusetts to handle children charged with crimes apart from the system of criminal courts for adults.
Cleared by arrest
Term used by the FBI in the Uniform crime reports to indicate that someone has been arrested for a reported crime; does not necessarily mean that the crime that has been solved or that the actual criminals have been apprehended or convicted.
Common Law
Authority based on court decrees and judgements that recognize, affirm, and enforce certain usages and customs of the people; laws determined by judges in accordance with their ruling.
Compulsory School Act
Passed in 1899 by Colorado, this act targeted those youth who were habitually absent from school; encompassed youth who wandered the streets during school hours; originally designed to enforce truancy laws; erroneously regarded as the first juvenile court act, which was actually passed in Illinoi in 1899.
Crime Rate
Statistic that presents the total number of crimes per 100,000 population.
Felonies
Crimes punishable by imprisonment in prison for a term of one or more years; major crimes; any index offense.
Gangs
Groups who form an alliance for a common purpose and engage in unlawful or criminal activity; any group gathered together on a continuing basis to engage in or commit antisocial behavior.
Gesellschaft
Term created by Ferdinand Tonnies, a social theorist, to describe small, traditional communities where informal sanctions were used to punish those who violated community laws.
Gemeinschaft
Term created by Ferdinand Tonnies, a social theorist, to describe more formalized, larger communities and cities that relied on written documents and laws to regulate social conduct.
Hidden Delinquency
Infractions reported by the surveys of high-school youth; considered to be “hidden” because it most often is undetected by police officers; disclosed delinquency through self-report surveys.
Hospital of Saint Michael
Custodial institution established at the request of the pope in home in 1704; provided for the unruly youth and others who violated the law; youth were assigned tasks; including semiskilled and skilled labor, which enabled them to get jobs when released.
Houses of Refuge
Juvenile institutions, the first which was established in 1825 as a means of separating juveniles from the adult correctional process.
Incident
Specific criminal act involving one offense and on or more victims.
Indentured Servant
Voluntary slave pattern: persons without money for the passage from England entered into a contract with merchants or businessmen, usually for 7 years wherein merchants would pay for voyage to the American colonies in exchange for their labor.
