Kahoot & Lectures Questions Flashcards by Hannah Luck

What automated parameter is a good analytical thermometer?

Elevated MCHC.

Indicates something is wrong with the testing or the sample.

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What is more helpful MCV or RDW if the patient has microcytes and macrocytes?

RDW

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Which condition doesn’t cause elevated MCHC?

Fe deficiency

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Lymphocytes predominate in health of which species?

Sheep & cows

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When do you get rouleax in a dog or cow?

Fibringoen, inflammation & elevated globulin

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What stain is required to see reticulocytes?

Methylene blue stain.

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Which increased parameter will not produce elevated TPP by refractometer?

Creatinine

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Plasma protein by refractometer may be erroneously increased by all of the following except:

a. lipaemia
b. creatinine
c. urea
d. glucose

Creatinine

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Low PCV hypoproteinaemia clear plasma. Diagnosis =

a. intravascular haemolysis
b. extravascular haemolysis
c. dehydration
d. haemorrhage

Haemorrhage

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Which fact cannot be detected by evaluation of microcapillary tube?

a. anaemia
b. mast cells from buffy coat
c. platelet function
d. haemorrhage

Platelet function

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Which of the following is incorrect for HCT?

a. HCT is 0%
b. HCT is calculated by automated analyser
c. HCT proportion of blood composed of erythrocytes
d. HCT slightly lower than PCV.

HCT is calculated by automated analyser.

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When filling microcapillary tube it is important to fill it up to

a. all the way
b. 3/4 roughly where HCT reader calibrates for fluid variation
c. 1/4
d. 1/2

b. 3/4 of the tube.

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Identify the content of the purple top tube

a. EDTA haematology
b. Lithiumheparin haematology & biochem
c. Sodium citrate coagulation
d. Potassiumoxalate glucose

EDTA

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Filling the tube to the correct level is critical for which of the following

a. Citrate & OXF
b. EDTA & citrate
c. EDTA & serum
d. OXF & heparin

All tubes?

Especially EDTA & Serum.

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Fibrinogen cannot be measured from sample collected in which tube.

a. Serum tube
b. Citrate tube
c. EDTA tube

Fibringoen is in plasma.

a. Serum tube.

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Identify the content of the tube and its lab application.

a. EDTA - haematology
b. Serum biochem & endocrinology
c. Sodium citrate coagulation
d. Potassium oxalate glucose

Purple top - EDTA
Serum - plain tube
Sodium citrate - blue
Potassium oxalate - greay

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Identify content of tube and lab application. Blue top.

a. EDTA
b. Serum
c. Sodium citrate
d. Lithium heparin

Sodium citrate.

Used for clotting time.

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Pluripotential bone marrow cells initially commit to 2 main cell pathways.

a. Thrombopoiesis & erythropoiesis
b. Monopoiesis & thrombopoiesis
c. Myelopoiesis & lymphopoiesis

Myelopoesis and lymphopoiesis

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Which species have reticulocytes in peripheral blood in health?

a. Cattle & horses
b. Horses & dogs
c. Cats & cattle
d. Dogs & cats

Dogs & cats both have reticulocytes in health.

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Which granulocyte stages are found in bone marrow maturation and storage compartment?

a. Metamyelocytes, band neutrophil & segmented neutrophil
b. Myelocytes, metamyelocytes, band neutrophils
c. Metamyelocytes, myelocytes, promyelocytes
d. Myelocytes, band neutrophils, segmented neutrophils.

a. Metamyelocytes, band & segmented neutrophils

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Which organ predominately produces thrombopoietin for platelet production?

a. Lung
b. Liver
c. Kidney
d. Heart

Liver

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What does myelopoiesis encompass?

Erythropoeisis, granulopoiesis & thrombopoiesis.

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What is the most important stimulus for erythroid production? Where’s it from and what determines release?

HCF (Haematopoietic growth factors like erythropoietin, thrombopoietin etc.)
Low oxygen stimulates kidney to release erythropoietin stimulates bone marrow and get RBC production.
Takes a few days to get in circulation.
Chronic cases have time to regenerate (better).

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What are the 3 essential nutrients for erythroid production?

Fe, Cu & Vit B6

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What erythroid cells indicate regeneration?

Reticulocytes

How do you interpret aggregate & punctate reticulocytes in cats?

Cats get punctate reticulocytes and aggregate reticulocytes. Only test fo aggregate type. Have to use methylene blue stain.

Do horses have reticulocytes?

Not in blood smears.

How long does it take bone marrow to produce RBC after stimulation?

2-4 days

Where is thrombopoietin produced for platelet production?

Liver

What are some types of bone marrow disorders?

Aplasia Hypoplasia Hyperplasia Myelopthsis

Name two non-haematopoietic forms of neoplasia in bone marrow?

Mast cell tumours | Metastatic carcinomas

# Define the name of each and what tube is used for. a. Red b. Purple c. Green d. Grey e. Blue

EDTA - red, whole blood Oxalate/fluoride -grey, plasma, whole blood, glucose Plain - red, serum, clotted blood Heparin - green, plasma, blood, reptiles Sodium citrate- blue, plasma, whole blood, clotting times

Which tube do you use to collect serum?

Plain red topped tube

What is the 'perfect' anticoagulant?

Not clotting Preserves morphology Doesn't interfere with stains

How do you tell the difference between serum and plasma?

Serum from top clotted blood. | Plasma taken off top once spun down. Fibrinogen is in plasma!!!

What happens if you underfill or overfill the tube?

Underfill- shrink RBC, dilute | Overfill - clotting, obstruction

How should you package samples?

Blood smears seperately Avoid freeze lysis Don't package histo with cyto

What is the order of drawing up samples and why is it important?

Important so you don't suck vacutainer salt into vein. | Order - blue, red, green, purple, grey. BRGPG. ***

Gelding has extremely high potassium and low calcium & magnesium. What are you thinking?

EDTA will bind Ca and is a K salt. If the horses levels were actually that the horse would be dead. Have got vacutainer salt in vein or not enough blood.

Why should you fast patient before spectrophotometer testing?

Avoid lipaemia and haemolysis. 12 hours of fasting before collection.

What does the tube contain from bottom to top in order of layers?

Packed cells Buffy coat Plasma on top

What do we look at in the plasma and buffy coat?

Plasma - Colour, haemolysis | Buffy coat - WBC, platelets, mast cells

What will give a false positive reading of plasma protein using a refractometer?

Urea, glucose & cholestrol

What 4 things cause Hg measurement error?

Haemolysis Lipaemia Heinz bodies Spherocytosis

What is the limitation of using MCV?

All dogs have same MCV. Use red cell distribution width instead because it tells use variation in size.

A dog has 70% neutrophils and 12 total WBC . What is the absolute cell count?

Absolute cell count = WBC x 10^9 x % type of cell So 12 x 10^9 x 70/100 = 8.4 x 10^9/L Use to differentiate white cells* Do this after you have done WBC differential count.

Which bovine disease is unusual with respect to leukocyte response?

Bovine emphemeral fever. See high neutrophilia with left shift.

How do we estimate total white blood cell count on monolayer?

WBC count = WBC in 3 fields / 3 / 4 x 10^9/L

What species has lots of variation in platelet size?

Cats

How do we do a manual platelet count?

Platelet count = Platelets in 3 fields / 3 x 20 x 10^9/L

Which breed has a lower platelet count that other breeds and why?

CKCS 170-180 count compared to normal 200. | Because their platelets are bigger.

What do you look for on a blood smear?

Agglutination, morphology, density, clumping, rouleax

Which tube preserves morphology?

EDTA only

Describe how you systemically approach a blood smear examination.

10 x then 100 x then 10 x 10 x - feathered edge - platelet clumps, parasites, neoplasm, WBC clumping 100 x - platelet count & morphology, do platelet formula. 10 x - WBC count and morphology. then absolute count. Look at eosinophils & rouleax to identify species.

Can you correctly label a blood smears layers?

I hope so!!!

In what species do neutrophils predominate and which species do lymphocytes predominate?

Neutrophils - dogs, cats, horses | Lymphocytes - cows, sheep, goats

Do you know how to differentiate species eosinophils?

Raspberry - horse. | Two seperate lobes - cat

How do you differentiate erythrocytes of dogs, horses, cats & cattle

Dog - central pallor Horses- rouleax Cats- rouleax, anisocytosis Cattle - anisocytosis

What is the difference between rouleax and agglutination?

Rouleax - horses & cats. In all species when fibrinogen or globulin increase. Monolayer. Agglutination - foreign epitope clumps RBC together Differentiate by diluting with saline - rouleax will pull apart.

How do you identify erythrocytosis on haemtology results?

Look at PCV and TPP.

What does an increase in TP and PCV indicate?

Dehydration . | Decrease is haemorrhage.

Compare erythrocytosis and haemoconcentration.

Erythrocytosis - increase RBC | Haemoconcentration - increase in all blood components

Cyanotic calf keeps collapsing and has deficiency in pO2 (oxygen partial pressure) What form of erythrocytosis is occurring here?

Secondary appropriate erythrocytosis. The calf is hypoxic so body is compensating by producing new red cells.

What is a clinical signs of extreme erythrocytosis?

Sludging blood Poor oxygen carrying Hypoxia Purple mucous membranes

Explain a reason for secondary erythrocytosis in hyperthyroid cats. Is erythrocytosis appropriate or inappropriate?

Metabolic rate is very increased. Higher metabolic rate needs high oxygen. So you get appropriate erythrocytosis - the body compensates by producing more red cells.

What is a leukogram?

Complete set of data and morphology with blood smear. | Tells us pathological process NOT disease.

Compare dog and cat most common leukograms.

Dogs: Bigger central pool Cats: Bigger marginal pool

You have a cat with high neutrophils and high lymphocytes when it comes into your vet clinic. What do you think?

Physiological leukogram. Due to fear/exercise get adrenalin that releases marginal pool to central pool. So more leukocytes and neutrophils in central pool.

Why do mature neutrophils decrease with immature neutrophils?

Degenerative left shift. | No immature neutrophils - bone marrow isn't coping and not releasing properly.

How often are blood neutrophil pools renewed?

2-3 times a day.

What is toxic change of neturophils?

Accelerated bone marrow production, defective maturation and immature retained stages ***

What do you see in a leukogram of an animal with hypoadrenocorticism?

Addison's disease. Boring leukogram. Has high or normal levels of eosinophils & lymphocytes. Low or normal levels neutrophils. OPPOSITE to stress leukogram.

Dog has high monocytes, high neutrophils, low eosinophils and low lymphocytes. What do you suspect?

Steroid/stress leukogram. Steroid causes neutrophil release, adhesion molecule release, lymphocytes sent to LN & bone marrow, less monocyte adhesion.

What are the four types of toxic change?

Cytoplasmic basophilia Dohle body inclusions Cytoplasmic vacuolation Toxic granulation

How do you differentiate between tumour, inflammation or psychological leukocytosis?

Blood smear

What are 3 potential causes of lymphocytosis?

Chronic inflammation Physiological Tumour

How do you confirm Addison's disease?

ACTH stimulation test.

Kahoot & Lectures Questions Flashcards

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