Kaitlins study guide

Question 1

Virulence

Answer 1

proportion of persons with clinical disease who become ill or die ( fatal cases/total cases)

Question 2

Epidemiology

Answer 2

the study of who is affected by the disease (age, gender, behavior, immunity), where the disease is clustered (workplace, country, climate) and when the is the disease occurring (seasonal, long term disease patterns)

Question 3

Prevalence rate

Answer 3

measure of how common disease or attribute is in a population at a specific time or over a period of time. ( # of existing cases of disease present at a specific time/ # at risk for disease at that specific time)

Question 4

Incidence rate

Answer 4

measurement of the number of new cases of a disease in a specific population over a given period of time ( # of new cases of disease/ # at risk for the disease)

Question 5

cell injury results from

Answer 5

-hypoxia/ischemia
-toxins
-infectious agents
-immunologic reactions
-genetic abnormalities
-nutritional imbalances
-physical agents (trauma/radiation)

Question 6

cell death occurs when

Answer 6

injurious stimulus is not removed through necrosis or apoptosis

Question 7

necrosis

Answer 7

accidental cell death where cell membranes fall apart, cellular enzymes leak out and result in inflammatory reaction

Question 8

apoptosis

Answer 8

cells are purposefully eliminated without elicting a host reaction, can result in healthy tissues, not always pathological

Question 9

apoptosis eliminates unwanted cells during

Answer 9

normal development

Question 10

two pathways apoptosis

Answer 10

mitochondrial (intrinsic)
death receptor (extrinsic)

Question 11

ischemia reperfusion injury

Answer 11

process by which restoration of blood flow to ischemic but viable tissues results in increased cell injury and necrosis.

Question 12

what contributes to tissue damage following myocardial and cerebra ischemia

Answer 12

ischemia-reperfusion injury

Question 13

ischemia reperfusion injury can occur due to

Answer 13

increased ROS production during deoxygenation or influx of calcium

Question 14

hypertrophy

Answer 14

increased cell and organ size in response to increased workload induced by growth factors, occurs in tissues incapable of cell division

Question 15

hyperplasia

Answer 15

increase in cell numbers in response to hormonal or other growth factors

Question 16

atrophy

Answer 16

decreased cell and organ size as result of decreased nutrient supply or disuse

Question 17

metaplasia

Answer 17

change in phenotype of differentiated cells in response to chronic irritation that makes the cell better able to withstand stress

Question 18

cell death

Answer 18

occurs through necrosis or apoptosis

Question 19

cellular adaptations to stress

Answer 19

adaptations are reversible changes in response to change in environment

Question 20

physiologic adaptations

Answer 20

responses of cells to normal stimulation hormones (ie. enlargement of breast and uterus during pregnancy) or to demands of mechanical stress (bones/muscles)

Question 21

pathologic adaptations

Answer 21

responses to stress that allows cells to change their structure and function to escape injury at the expense of normal function

Question 22

oxidative stress

Answer 22

cellular damage caused by accumulation of ROS

Question 23

in what situations can ROS cause cell injury

Answer 23

hypoxia
cellular aging
radiation injury
tissue injury

Question 24

coagulative necrosis

Answer 24

characterized by infarcts in all solid organs except the brain

Question 25

liquefactive necrosis

Answer 25

usually seen with bacterial infections when dead cells are completely digested to form viscous liquid that results in pus

Question 26

gangrenous necrosis

Answer 26

occurs when blood supply is lost and coagulative necrosis

Question 27

caseous necrosis

Answer 27

characterized by nodular inflammatory lesions (granulomas) and a caseous cheese like appearance most seen with TB

Question 28

fat necrosis

Answer 28

focal areas of fat destruction (abdominal trauma or acute pancreatitis)

Question 29

fibrinoid necrosis

Answer 29

seen in immune reactions when antigens and antibodies are deposited in the walls of blood vessels as seen with severe hypertension or vasculitis and transplanted organs with rejection

Question 30

hypertrophic scars

Answer 30

abundant in myofibroblasts and grow rapidly and reduce over time, caused by thermal or traumatic injury involving deep dermis

Question 31

keloids

Answer 31

scar tissue grows beyond boundries

Question 32

macrophages primary function

Answer 32

ingest and destroy particulate matter, microbes, and dead cells

Question 33

macrophages

Answer 33

dominant cells in inflammation destroy foreign invaders and tissues secrete cytokines + growth factors activate T cells

Question 34

granulomatous inflammation

Answer 34

chronic inflammation characterized by activated macrophages with T lympohocytes

Question 35

granulomatous inflammation examples

Answer 35

TB syphillis chrons foreign bodies

Question 36

angiogenesis

Answer 36

how new blood vessels form from existing ones

Question 37

angiogenesis is critical for

Answer 37

healing sites of injury building circulation around ischemia tumor growth