Kant's MORAL THEORY

Question 1

In Kant’s view, the __ of an action should not be determined by its __

Answer 1

morality;
outcome

Question 2

Human persons do not have __ __ over the outcomes of their ___.

Answer 2

full control
actions.

Question 3

If the morality of an action is to be based on its __ outcome, then morality becomes ___

Answer 3

intended;
conditional

Question 4

The Kantian ethics is in opposition to the ___ __ _ ___ who conditioned the morality of their actions on its end or outcome.

Answer 4

moral theories of consequentialists

Question 5

who conditioned the morality of their actions on its end or outcome.

Answer 5

Moral theories of consequentialists

Question 6

Moral theories of consequentialists who conditioned the morality of their actions on its __ or ___

Answer 6

end or outcome.

Question 7

Kant’s morality is governed by ___ ___, grounded in something that is unconditionally good, that is, good without ____.

Answer 7

practical reason;
qualification

Question 8

does not merely refer to anything that the human person can think of as good.

Answer 8

Good

Question 9

Good does not merely refer to anything that the __ ___ can think of as good

Answer 9

human person

Question 10

There are many things that may appear good, but are not truly ___ __.

Answer 10

intrinsically good

Question 11

Examples that may appear as good, but are not truly intrinsically good

Answer 11

Intelligence, wit, judgement, courage, persevance

Question 12

Even ____ for Kant is not good at all if that happiness is not ___. Give examples:

Answer 12

intrinsically good
deserved

Example:
Infidelity, cheating

Question 13

Kant point is that, if something is good without ___, that something is not merely good as ___ to an end and __ in another.

Answer 13

qualification
means
bad

Question 14

Kant says: Kant, Fundamental Principles of Metaphysics of Morals

Answer 14

” Nothing can possibly be conceived in the world, or even out of it, which can be called good without qualification except a good will. “

Question 15

” Nothing can possibly be conceived in the world, or even out of it, which can be called __ without qualification except a __ __

Answer 15

Good
Good will

Question 16

The only thing that is unconditionally good is a ___ __

Answer 16

Good will

Question 17

The moral worth then of an action is determined only by the __or the __ that is behind that __

Answer 17

motive
will
action.

Question 18

All those __ that people think of as good become extremely __ if the __ to make use of them is bad

Answer 18

actions
worse
will

Question 19

When can the human person claim that he/she definitely possesses a good will?

Answer 19

when the sole impetus of the human persons is that of moral obligation or moral duty

Question 20

Motive behind moral act

Answer 20

Duty

Question 21

The moral worth of an action is possible only when the human person acts for the sake of __, and not just because of the potential good results he/she may get out of her actions.

Answer 21

duty

Question 22

Kantian ethics is often called ____, that is, duty-based

Answer 22

deontological

Question 23

acting for the sake of the law, that is, with absolute respect to the moral law, which dictates what a rational being ought to do

Answer 23

Acting for the sake of duty

Question 24

Acting for the sake of duty means acting for the sake of the __, that is, with absolute __ to the __ __, which dictates what a rational being ought to do

Answer 24

law
respect
moral law

Question 25

means acting simply to conform to the law.

Answer 25

Acting in accordance

Question 26

When the human person acts simply to __ to the law, the motive of her actions may be influenced by certain __ for an expected __

Answer 26

Conform Desire Outcome

Question 27

Kant is __ saying that and action is done in accordance with duty is ___ because it still conforms to the law.

Answer 27

NOT wrong

Question 28

Kant is not saying that and action is done in accordance with duty is wrong because it still conforms to the law. However, it:

Answer 28

• it simply has no moral worth because it is motivated by inclination or desires • The motive, therefore, of any moral action must be duty, not desires.

Question 29

DUTY

Answer 29

TO BE HONEST TO PRESERVES ONE'S LIFE IS A DUTY TO BE BENEVOLENT IS A DUTY TO BE HAPPY TO LOVE "DUTY IS THE NECESSITY OF AN ACTION FROM RESPECT FOR THE LAW"

Question 30

Kant formulates the moral law based on the ___ ___ __ __ that apply to all human persons, irrespective of their desires or inclinations.

Answer 30

Principles of practical reasoning

Question 31

Kant attaches the criteria of ___ ___ and __ __ to the moral law.

Answer 31

absolute necessity strict universality

Question 32

the moral law is absolutely __ and does _ accept any exception ( __), and at the same time, __ how human person ought to __ (___ )

Answer 32

binding Not Categorical Directs act imperative

Question 33

the moral law is absolutely binding and does not accept any exception (categorical), and at the same time, directs how human person ought to act (imperative )

Answer 33

Categorical Imperative

Question 34

2 formulations of categorical imperative

Answer 34

a. "act only on that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law" b. "So act as to treat humanity, whether in your own person or in that of another never as a means but always as an end."

Question 35

Principle on which the moral agent acts. It is the principle of action

Answer 35

Maxim

Question 36

Maxim is the principle on which the __ __ acts. It is the principle of ___

Answer 36

moral agent action

Question 37

After the human person determines a principle of action or maxim, he/she must ask herself whether it is __ for everyone to act in accordance with that ___.

Answer 37

Possible Maxim

Question 38

Based on the principle of humanity

Answer 38

Maxim

Question 39

dictates that rational beings must treat each other as __ in themselves and never as __ to some further ends.

Answer 39

Ends means

Question 40

dictates that rational beings must treat each other as ends in themselves and never as means to some further ends.

Answer 40

Categorical imperative

Question 41

If we use another rational being as means to another end, then we have __ that rational being to a thing.

Answer 41

Reduced

Question 42

Test for universalization of the Maxim

Answer 42

1. Identify the action to be tested 2. Test for universalizability: imagine the maxim were a universal law, is there a self-contradiction 3. Conclude by articulating the duty.

Question 43

Identify the action to be tested

Answer 43

• Formulate the maxim (personal rule: "When I..., I shall) "When I need money, I shall borrow it from someone without intending to pay it back"

Question 44

Test for universalizability:

Answer 44

• Suppose everyone were obligated to follow this maxim, as if it were a universal law: " Everyone ought to borrow money without intending to pay, when they need money" No one will lend money, "who are you fooling, you ought not pay it back" : MONEY-LENDING LOSES ITS MEANING (self-contradictory)

Question 45

Conclude by articulating the duty

Answer 45

Therefore, do not borrow money without intending to pay.