Kapitel 11

Question 1

Agent

Answer 1

device that responds to stimuli from its environment.

Question 2

Procedural knowledge

Answer 2

How

Question 3

Declarative knowledge

Answer 3

what

Question 4

Syntactic, semantic and contextual

Answer 4

three levels of analysis when trying to unravel the meaning of a statement in a natural language.
Syntactic analysis - major component is parsing. (recognises the grammatical role fo each word)
Semantic analysis - charged with the task to identify the semantic role of each word in a statement.
Contextual analysis - The context of the sentence is here brought into the understanding process.

Question 5

Semantic net

Answer 5

a large linked data structure in which pointers are used to indicate associations among the data items.

Question 6

Production system (3 main components)

Answer 6

The development of reasoning abilities within a machine has been a topic of research for many years. One of the results of this research is the recognition that there is a large class of reasoning problems with common characteristics. These common characteristics are isolated in an abstract entity known as a production system, which constists of a collection of states, a collection of productions and a control system.

Question 7

(Production system) State

Answer 7

each state is a situation that might occur in the application environment. The beginning state is called the initial state, the desired is called the goal state.

Question 8

(Production system) Production

Answer 8

an operation that can be performed in the application environment to move from one state to another. Each production might be associated with preconditions, such that might exist that must be present in the environment before a production can be applied.

Question 9

(Production system) Control system

Answer 9

consists of the logic that solves the problem of moving from the start state to the goal state. At each step in the process the control system must decide which of those productions whose preconditions are satisfied should be applied next.

Question 10

Problem space

Answer 10

an important concept in the development of a control system, and is the collection of all the states, productions and preconditions in a production system.

Question 11

Inference rules

Answer 11

another example of a production system and the problem of drawing logical donclusions from given facts. Inference rules allow new statements to be formed from old ones.

Question 12

Heuristic

Answer 12

a quantitative associated with each state that attempts to measure the distance from that state to the nearest goal. A measure of projected cost from a state to the nearest goal.

Question 13

Closed-world assumption

Answer 13

an assumption that a statement is false unless it can be explicitly derived from the information available.

Question 14

Frame problem

Answer 14

the problem of keeping stored knowledge up to date in a changing environment.

Question 15

Genetic algorithms

Answer 15

A solution that can be discovered through an evolutionary process involving many generations of trial solutions. Genetic algorithms will discover a solution by random behavior combined with a simulation of reproductive theory and the evolutionary process of natural selection.

Question 16

Artificial neural networks

Answer 16

Provide a computer processing model that mimics networks of neurons in living biological sstems. Signals transmitted via a cells axon reflect whether the cell is in an inhibited or excited state. This state is determined by the combination of signals received by the cells dendrites. These dendrites pick up signals from the axons of other cells across small gaps known as synapses. It produces an output of 1 or 0 depending on whther its effective input exceeds a given value, which is called the neruons threshold value.

Question 17

Associative memory

Answer 17

the retrieval of information that is associated with, or related to, the information at hand.