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Kaplan Flashcards

0
Q

General Conditions

A

One of the AIA contract documents that comprise the construction contract between the owner and the contractor, the AIA Document A201. This legal document defines the rights and obligations of the parties involved. However, it also contains pertinent information from AIA Document B141 to better inform the contractor of the agreement between the owner an the architect.

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1
Q

With regard to the owner, what is the architect’s role in the bidding process?

A

During the CD phase, the architect is required to assist the owner in the preparation of the bidding documents and requirements. Other obligations include assisting the owner in:

  1. Compiling a list of prospective bidders or contractors.
  2. Obtaining competitive bids or negotiated proposals.
  3. Preparing and awarding contracts for construction.
  4. Evaluation of the successful bid proposal.
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2
Q

General Requirements

A

This is the title for Division 01 of the CSI Masterformat or the AIA’s Masterspec systems for organizing specifications. This division is used to explain the administrative and procedural requirements of the trades involved in the construction industry.

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3
Q

Substantial Completion

A

Sometimes called substantial performance, this is the date in the progress of the project when it is sufficiently complete, according to the contract documents, and the owner may occupy all or a portion of the project for it’s intended use.
Typically, the date used for the certificate of occupancy and is established when the architect, contractor, and owner sign the Certificate of Substantial Completion (AIA Document G704).

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4
Q

Cost Plus Fee

A

An owner/contractor or owner/architect agreement in which the contractor or architect is reimbursed for the actual expenses to perform the work, including salaries, employee benefits, office overhead, etc., plus a negotiated fee for profit. Usually includes a guaranteed maximum price (GMP). (See AIA Document A111)

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5
Q

Percentage of Construction Cost

A

A method of compensation for construction or professional services based on a percentage of the total cost of construction. (See AIA Document B141)

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6
Q

What happens at substantial completion?

A

Warranties generally become active, the final application for payment is processed, and the contractor is due the contract sum, less the value of the unfinished work. At final completion the contractor receives the final payment.

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7
Q

Design-Bid-Build

A

Most common method of project delivery. An architect is hired by an owner. The design documents are bid upon by various contractors and the acceptable proposal with the lowest bid is usually selected to build the project. The owner has a separate contract with both the architect and the contractor.

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8
Q

Design-Build

A

Project delivery method used when the owner requests that a single entity be responsible for both design and construction services. The owner has one contract with the architect/contractor.

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9
Q

Construction Management

A

Project delivery method often used in large or complex building projects when budget and scheduling issues are critical. This method was developed as a result of owner demand for technical advice early in the process. A consultant may be contracted by the owner to act as advisor, agent, or constructor, during design and construction.

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10
Q

Project Delivery

A

The method of approach to a construction project. Each one ha different characteristics regarding the roles and responsibilities of the owner, architect, and contractor. These methods form the basis for selection of the design team, contractors, types of contracts, and organization for the construction process from project inception to completed construction.

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11
Q

What are the most common project delivery methods?

A
  1. Design-Bid-Build
  2. Design-Build
  3. Construction Management
    • CM Advisor
    • CM Agent
    • CM Constructor (CMc)
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12
Q

Construction Management

A

This is one of the 3 main methods. Under a CM approach, an owner hires a construction manager in addition to an architect and a contractor, usually on complex or fast-track projects. They provide budget, scheduling, construction and technical expertise and work with the architect. This service can be provided by an architect, contractor or other qualified party.

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13
Q

CM-Advisor

A

The CM advises the owner regarding constructability and budget issues during the design and construction process and assisted the owner in contractor selection but does not act as builder.

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14
Q

CM-Agent

A

The owner hires the CM first. The CM assumes financial authority and manages the entire project, through construction, on behalf of the owner.

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15
Q

CM-Constructor (CMc)

A

Hired by the owner when design is 30% complete. The CM advises the owner prior to construction and then builds the project, usually for a Guaranteed Maximum Price based on the design documents at the end of design development.

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16
Q

The Final Certificate for Payment may be issued after the contractor accomplishes what task?

A

Upon the contractor’s completion of the work outlined in the punch list, the architect may issue the final certificate of payment to the contractor.

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17
Q

How much time does an architect have to process shop drawings submitted by the contractor?

A

With regard to submittals, the architect is expected to: review and approve, or take other action with “reasonable promptness”, according to the AIA General Conditions (A201). This allows sufficient time for architectural review without causing a delay in the progress of the project. The exact time amount is not specified but 10 working days is common.

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18
Q

When is the use of mock-ups appropriate?

A

This is the process of modeling an object or building component, to scale or full size, for the purpose of studying or clarifying construction details, aesthetics, scale, or testing performance. It is useful when an innovative detail is specified and the additional time and cost of preparing the model outweighs the potential cost of unforeseen problems.

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19
Q

When is the architect authorized to act as the owner’s agent?

A

Under the design-bid-build and CM project delivery methods, during the architect’s administration of the Contract for Construction (the CA phase). Specifically, during construction until final payment is due, and also on occasion during the 1 year period for correction of work by the contractor.

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20
Q

For which part of the Project Manual is the architect most directly responsible?

A

The specifications. The architect and his consultants are responsible for the preparation of the technical specifications for a project. While the architect is required to assist in the preparation of bid documents for example, much of the other documentation is prepared by the owner and owner’s representatives.

21
Q

Closed Specifications

A

Also called prescriptive, base bid, or proprietary specifications, where specific products or processes are stipulated without provision for substitution.

22
Q

Open specifications

A

Often used for public projects to ensure competitive bidding, it allows the contractor to substitute products of equal quality and performance if approved by the architect.

23
Q

Performance Specifications

A

A type of open specification that sets criteria and defines the results required of the assembly, component, or device being specified.

24
Q

Cash Allowance Specification

A

Establishes a dollar amount allocated for each item in the specification.

25
Q

Reference Standard Specification

A

A type of performance specification where items specifies must meet certain requirements set by an accepted authority or test method such as, (UL) Underwriter’s Laboratories, (ASTM) American Society for Testing and Materials or (ANSI) American National Standards Institute.

26
Q

Name the most common method of determining land value.

A

The “market” approach.
The surrounding neighborhood is assessed to determine the sale price, per sq. ft. or per acre, for lots of approximately the same size. Value adjustments are made for any unique feature a lot may have.

27
Q

How can AIA Document A201 be adapted to the specific requirements of a construction project?

A

Through the use of special or supplementary conditions. The General Conditions of the Contract for Construction is a commonly used and understood contract between an owner and a contractor for a conventional design-bid-build project delivery. Substitution of individual provisions should be done with expert legal advice. However, to tailor the contract to a particular project, conditions may be added.

28
Q

If a project is bid at a higher figure than the fixed limit of construction cost, hat options does an owner have?

A
  1. Ignore the fixed limit and agree to the higher bid.
  2. Re-bid the project.
  3. Forfeit the project and end the architect’s contract.
  4. Work with the architect to reduce the scope of work.
29
Q

How do local laws impact AIA Document A201?

A

They supersede the General Conditions for the Contract for Construction and when necessary, should be identified in the special conditions of the contract.

30
Q

Under what conditions might the feasibility of installing underground electrical power lines be in question?

A

Areas where bedrock or a high water table exist near the surface may cause excavation to be prohibitively expensive. It may be necessary to request that an owner furnish geotechnical information in order to determine the feasibility.

31
Q

Setback

A

An area restricted from construction. It is defined as a minimum distance between a building and a reference line such as a property line or water course and governed by local zoning ordinances or codes.

32
Q

Errors and Omissions.

A

A type of professional liability insurance. It is intended for the protection of the architect or other professional from liability arising from negligence or failure to meet the standards of care expected from a professional.

33
Q

At what point during the standard phases of an architect’s schedule is a structural system proposed to the owner?

A

The use of a specific structural system would most likely be introduced during the design development phase.

34
Q

When does the architect have the authority to order an aesthetic design change that will add two weeks to the construction time?

A

The architect may order changes affecting the contract time or contract sum only with the consent of the owner in the form of a construction change directive, or with the additional consent of the contractor in a change order.

35
Q

Fixed Limit.

A

A written agreement signed by the owner and the architect that defines the maximum allowable construction cost.
The architect has the authority to specify the quality of materials and equipment. However, if the lowest bid exceeds the agreed amount the architect may be required to revise the drawings and specifications in order to reduce the cost of construction.

36
Q

Name a significant concern when specifying thermal glass for a southern exposure.

A

Protection against thermal stresses resulting from the temperature differential between areas of direct sun exposure and shaded areas.

37
Q

What are the main elements that comprise construction cost?

A

This is the total estimated cost to the owner for all elements of a project designed or specified by the architect. These elements include:

  1. Labor
  2. Materials
  3. Equipment
  4. Contingencies
  5. Contractor overhead and profit

It does not include the architect’s compensation, the cost of the land, or the cost of financing.

38
Q

A contractor submits a bid price for the cost of construction that shows a numerical figure of 56,000 and a written figure of sixty-five thousand. What are the ramifications of this inconsistency?

A

A contractor’s bid shows the cost of construction represented as both numbers and words. If there is a discrepancy between them, the written word takes precedent over the numbers.

39
Q

According to the Contract Documents, contract time ends at the date of…

A

Substantial Completion.
This is the period of time, including authorized adjustments such as change orders, from the commencement of the work as defined by the Owner-Contractor Agreement to the date of substantial completion as certified by the architect.

40
Q

An architect may affect the contractor’s construction schedule by establishing certain criteria within the specifications. What are some of these criteria?

A
  1. Establish deadlines for the ordering and delivery of materials, submittals and testing.
  2. Specify all work to be accomplished according to the critical path method (CPM).
  3. Allot a specific amount of time to perform all work.
  4. Allow subcontractors to provide input.
  5. Update the construction schedule on a monthly basis.
41
Q

During a site visit an architect observes an unsafe condition in the execution of construction. What course of action should the architect take?

A

The architect should notify the contractor of the condition immediately and, if necessary, follow up by including the observation in a field report. It is the contractor’s responsibility to maintain site safety. Therefore, the architect should not make corrective suggestions or recommendations regarding construction means and techniques. In the event of an accident these recommendations could result in the architect’s exposure to liability.

42
Q

According to the AIA General Conditions, who is responsible for the approval of shop drawings?

A

The contractor reviews shop drawings for compliance with the contract documents, approves and submits them to the architect. Upon the architect’s approval, the contractor may perform that portion of the work. (See AIA Document A201)

43
Q

What is the architect’s role regarding a pre-bid conference?

A

It is recommended that the architect participate in, and at the owner’s request, organize a meeting for all of the prospective bidders prior to the bid date. This meeting is a means of familiarizing bidders with any unique aspects of the project and answering any questions they may have. This gives the architect the opportunity to express the design intent and give a general overview of the goals of the project (AIA Document B141)

44
Q

Labor often comprises what percentage of the construction cost?

A

50 percent.
Labor costs account for a substantial portion of the construction cost, often as much as 50% or more. Therefore, the architect should endeavor to minimize the amount of on-site labor. The use of repetitive elements or prefabricated components are two methods used to speed construction and reduce labor costs.

45
Q

What is included in the Contract Documents?

A
  1. The Owner-Contractor Agreement
  2. General and Supplementary Conditions of the Contract
  3. Specifications
  4. The Working Drawings
  5. Addenda
  6. Modifications
46
Q

In a typical project manual, what comprises the contract forms?

A
  1. The Owner-Contractor Agreement
  2. A Performance Bond
  3. A Payment Bond
  4. A Certificate of Insurance
47
Q

In a typical project manual, what comprises the Bidding Requirements?

A
  1. Invitation to bid
  2. Instructions to bidders
  3. Information available to bidders
  4. Prequalification forms
  5. Bid forms and attachments
  6. Bid security (bond) forms
48
Q

What are the contents of a typical project manual?

A

All the bidding documents and contract documents that can be easily bound into book format. Other oversize information such as full size drawings should be included by reference.

  • Title sheet
  • Table of contents
  • Bid forms
  • Instructions to bidders
  • Proposed Owner-Contractor agreement
  • General + Supplementary conditions
  • Sample AIA Documents
  • List of Drawings
  • Signature Sheet
  • Index to specs
  • Specifications, standard divisions
49
Q

Supplementary General Conditions

A

These are additional conditions, included in the project manual, that are used to modify the General Conditions of the Contract for Construction. This is done to accommodate any specific legal, climatic, or site conditions of a particular project (AIA Document A201).

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