Kaplan Crucial Content: Pharmacology Flashcards
(43 cards)
ACE Inhibitors (examples, MOA, Use )
Meds end in -PRIL ( Catopril, Linsinoprilm)
MOA: inhibits the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin 2 ( A2 increases BP)
- stops production of A2
USE: HTN, CHF
Ace inhibitors ( SE, NI )
SE: Ace cough, orthostatic hypotension
NI: monitor for cough, K+ give 1 hour before or 2 hours after meals
Alpha Blockers (examples, MOA, Use, SE, NI )
meds end w/ -ZOSIN (Doxazosin)
MOA: stops A1 and A2 receptors from activating -> relaxes blood vessels -> decreased BP
USE: HTN, BPH
SE: dizziness, syncope
NI: Take at bedtime
ARB’s (examples, MOA, Use, SE, NI )
meds ends w/ -SARTAN ( Losartan, Valsartan)
MOA: Block the action of angiotensin 2 -> decrease BP
USE: HTN
SE: Dizziness
NI: NO GRAPEFRUIT JUICE + LOW K Diet
Anti-anginals ( ex, MOA, SE, NI )
Nitroglycerin
MOA: relax and dilate veins, arteries, and capillaries -> increased blood flow
SE: HA, Hypotension
NI: give 1 dose/ q 5 min ( up to 3 doses )
- dissolves under the tongue, tingling is normal
- Check BP before each dose
Amiodarone ( class, MOA, USE, SE, NI)
Class: anti-arrhythmic
MOA: potassium channel blocker, it slows the conduction of the heart
Use: V Tach, V Fib
SE: Hypotension, Bradycardia
NI: Pt needs cardiac monitor
Antihypertensives ( ex, MOA, Use, SE, NI )
Example: Clonidine, Hydralazine
- Hydralazine: direct acting vasodilator
- Clonidine: inhibits norepi -> antiandrenergic effect -> decreases CO, HR, PVR -> decreased BP
USE: HTN
SE: Hypotension, dizziness
NI: dont stop abruptly ( can cause rebound HTN) + monitor HR and BP
Beta blockers ( ex, MOA, Use, SE, NI )
med end w/ -OLOL ( Metoprolol, Atenolol )
MOA: blocks beta 1 -> decreased HR, BP, and decrease contractility -> decrease in cardiac workload ( B1 is responsible for HR contraction force, adrenergic fight or flight )
Use: HTN
SE: Bradycardia
NI: check HR ( hold if HR < 60 ), dont stop abruptly, masks hypoglycemia signs
Calcium Channel Blockers ( ex, MOA, Use, SE, NI )
Meds end w/ -PINE ( Amlodipine, Diltiazem )
MOA: inhibits the mvt of Ca+ across the myocardinal + arterial muscle cells = decreased HR-> vasodilation -> decreased BP
Use: HTN, Angina
SE: hypotension, sexual dysfunction, Hepatotoxicity ( liver )
NI: avoid grapefruit juice
Digitalis ( ex, MOA, Use, SE, NI )
Digoxin
MOA: allows more Ca+ to enter the cells -> intracellular Ca+ -> workload of the the heart
Use: A. fib, CHF
SE: Bradycardia, Toxicity ( weakness, HA, vision, changes= green halo )
NI:
- Low Na+, high K diet
- ANTIDOTE: Digiband/ Digifab
- NARROW THERAPEUTIC RANGE: 0.8-2
General rules for cardiac meds
- pt will be a falls risk r/t orthostatic hypotension
- Dont stop med abruptly
- Low Na+ diet
- Monitor HR + BP ( hold if HR < 60 )
- Sexual side effects (ED)
- Avoid the 4 G’s ( gingko, ginger, ginseng, garlic )
- Avoid grapefruit juice
Loop diuretics ( ex, MOA, Use, SE, NI )
meds end w/ -MIDE ( Furosemide )
MOA: reabsorption of Na+ and Cl- in the loop of henle
Use: Edema, CHF
SE: Hypotension, low K, ototoxicity ( ringing)
NI: IV SLOW PUSH 20mg / min
- check labs: Na+, Cl- , K+
K sparring diuretic ( ex, MOA, Use, SE, NI )
Spironolactone
MOA: blocks the effects of aldosterone - RAAS ( aldosterone holds onto Na+ -> holds onto water )
Use: Edema, CHF
SE: high K
NI: not for rapid fluid loss, check labs ( K+, renal function )
Thiazide duretics ( ex, MOA, Use, SE, NI )
Hydrochlorothiazide
MOA: decreased reabsorption of Na+, H2O, Cl-, and HCO3 in distal convoluted tubule
Use: HTN, Edema
SE: GI upset
Oxybutynin (MOA, Use)
MOA: anticholinergic medication - blocks Ach which leads to relaxation of bladder muscle
Use: to tx overactive bladder
Tolterodine ( MOA and Use )
MOA: anticholinergic
Use: tx for overactive bladder
Mirapegron (use and SE )
Use: overactive bladder
SE: HTN, urinary retention, tachycardia
Phenazopyridine
Use: urinary analgesics
SE: bright orange urine
Diuretic General teaching
- Take in the AM
- Rise slowly ( ortho static hypotension )
- Dont stop med suddenly
- Low Na+ diet
- High or low K diet
- VASOPRESSIN ( anti-diuretic)- treats hypotension ( holds onto fluid )
Heparin (MOA, Use, SE, NI )
-Can be given IV or sub Q
- Anticoagulant
MOA: prevents new clot formation and extension of clot present
Use: Tx of DVT + PE
SE: bleeding
NI:
- short term tx
- Monitor PTT ( it looks like a H ) = measure the time required to form a clot
- NORMAL PTT on Heparin 60-80 secs
Warfarin ( ex, MOA, Use, SE, NI )
- Anticoagulant ( Dabigatran, Rivaroxaban, Apixaban )
MOA: inhibits the synthesis of vitamin K - dependent clotting factors
Use: prevention and Tx of DVT ( long term tx )
SE: Bleeding
NI:
- Monitor INR ( INR goal 2-3)
- measures the amount of time it takes the blood to clot
Anti-platelet ( ex, Use, SE, NI )
Clopidogrel, Aspirin
MOA:
1. Clopidogrel: inhibits P2Y12 receptor
2. Aspirin: inhibits production of prostaglandins and thromboxane
Use: reduce the risk for MI
SE: low plt, GI Bleed ( dark stools, petechiae= brown / purple spots r/t bleeding )
NI:
- Give w/ food
- Avoid giving kids ASA - REYE’s Syndrome ( swelling of the brain and liver )
Antibiotics examples
- Penicillin ( -cillin )
- Tetracycline ( -cycline)
- Sulfasalazine (- sulfa)
- Aminoglycosides (-cin, ex: Gentamycin)
- Cephalosporin (Cef-, EX: Ceepime)
- Fluoroquinolones (-floxacin, ex: Ciprofloxacin)
- Vancomycin
- Macrolides- mycin ( Azithromycin
Antifungal examples
Amphotericin B
- SE: tissue toxic (IV), toxic to all organs
Fluconazole
