Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

UWorld Journal > Kaplan Qbank > Flashcards

Kaplan Qbank Flashcards

1
Q

Produced in patients with Multiple Myeloma as seen in serum electrophoresis as the M spike

A

Kappa or lambda monoclonal immunoglobulin light chains (usually IgG or IgA) that are excreted in the urine as Bence Jones protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Inflammatory process of the breast that presents as a discrete mass with calcifications on mammography and is usually associated with trauma to the breast.

A

Fat necrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Equation for Pulmonary Vascular Resistance

A

PVR = (P pulm artery - P L atrium)/CO

N=2-3 mmHg min/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Cofactors and coenzymes used by Pyruvate Dehydrogenase

A 
Thiamine Pyrophosphate
Lipoic Acid
Coenzyme A
FAD
NAD
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Presents as classic triad of Ataxia, Confusion, and Ophthalmoplegia + confabulation, personality change and memory loss. Caused by thiamine deficiency. Usually seen in alcoholics

A

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Typical vs atypical antipsychotic medications

A
  • Typicals have more EPS than atypicals
  • High potency typicals (e.g. haloperidol, fluphenazine) have more EPS and less non-neurological side effects
  • Low potency typicals (e.g thioridazine, chlorpromazine) have less EPS and more non-neurological side effects
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Pneumocystis jirovecii

A
  • Opportunistic infection in premature infants and patients with AIDS.
  • stains in methenamine silver as roughly spherical bodies with sharply outlines walls
  • Causes atypical pneumonia due to over-replication of type II pneumocytes and production of surfactant-rich exudates
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Campylobacter jejuni

A

Gram-negative curved rod with polar flagella, oxidase +, microaerophilic, grows at 42deg. Feco-oral transmission via ingestion of undercooked contaminated poultry.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Polyarteritis nodosa

A
  • Systemic necrotizing vasculitis of small-medium vessels sparing the lungs.
  • Strongly associated with Hepatitis B infection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Plasmodium falciparum

A
  • Most serious malaria (malignant tertian)
  • May present with severe anemia, hgb <5
  • Parasitized RBCs occlude capillaries of the brain, kidneys and lungs.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

First affected by Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

A

Proximal muscles of the lower extremity - HIPS!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Unstable Angina

A

Chest pain at rest that does not resolve with nitroglycerine.
Without elevation in myocardial enzymes or ST changes in ECG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Heart Sounds

A

Blowing pansystolic murmur:

  • tricuspid regurg (radiates to the right side of the heart)
  • mitral regurg (radiates to the left side)

Midsystolic crescendo-decrescendo murmur:

  • aortic stenosis (right sternal border)
  • pulmonic stenosis (left sternal border)

S3 sound:
- right (look for tricuspid regurg) or left (look for mitral regurg) ventricular overload

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

McArdle Disease

A

Defect in muscular glycogen phosphorylase
Presents with exercise intolerance, cramping, which are alleviated with brief rest (“second wind” phenomenon)
Labs: myoglobinuria and elevated creatine kinase
Biopsy: accumulation of cytoplasmic glycogen granules in muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Polycystic Kidney Disease

A

Adult: autosomal dominant, mutation in PKD1 (Ch16) or PKD2 (Ch4); assoc with berry aneurysms, MVP, benign hepatic cysts

Infant: autosomal recessive; assoc with congenital hepatic fibrosis -> portal hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Mycosis fungoides

A

Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma that presents with itchy, erythematous skin patches/plaques caused by malignant CD4 T cells that infiltrate the superficial dermis and epidermis (Pautrier abscess)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Beta blockers on patients with diabetes

A

Caution in giving this to these patients. BB may mask the signs of hypoglycemia.

Symptoms of hypoglycemia:
sweats, tremor, tachycardia, hunger, irritability, nervousness, seizures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

A

Most common cause of atypical pneumonia in young adults (< 30 yrs)
Associated with cold agglutinins (IgM)
Macrolides, Doxycycline as treatment
Penicillins are ineffective due to their lack of cell walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome

A
  • inc LH:FH ratio, inc androgens

- hirsutism, immature follicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Aortic Stenosis

A

weak peripheral pulse, decrease S2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Some heart pathology

A

Heaves: LVH (apex) or RVH (left side)
Diastolic murmur: turbulence during ventricular filling (MS or AR)
Loud S3: rapid ventricular filling (mitral insufficiency, CHF)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Testosterone in plasma

A
  • bound to albumin: ~50%
  • bound to steroid hormone-binding protein: ~44%
  • bound to corticosteroid binding-globulin: ~4%
  • free testosterone: ~2%
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Type I Diabetes Mellitus

A
  • autoimmune destruction of B cells in pancreas usually directed against glutamic acid carboxylase
  • usually present in a child with glucosuria, polyuria, polydipsia, and weight loss
  • insulin deficiency, hyperglycemia, inc hba1c, inc serum osmolality, and dec C-peptide
24
Q

Acromegaly

A
  • hypersecretion of growth hormones in adults
  • overgrowth of the bones in the head, hand, and feet
  • inc insulin-like growth factor-1, inc plasma insulin, impaired glucose tolerance, and failure of glucose administration to suppress GH
25
Q

Cryptococcus neoformans

A
  • Most common fungal meningitis of immunocompromised patients in US.
  • Budding encapsulated yeast acquired from pigeon droppings and urease-positive
26
Q

Meckel’s Diverticula

A
  • caused by incomplete obliteration of the vitelline duct
  • true diverticula
  • may contain ectopic pancreatic or gastric mucosa
  • Rule of 2’s: 2 inches long, within 2 feet of the ileocecal valve, 2% of the population, 2 years old, can contain 2 ectopic epithelium
27
Q

Gag Reflex

A

Afferent: CN IX
Efferent: CN X

28
Q

Most common CNS tumor

A

Metastatic cancer. Commonly seen as multiple well-circumscribed tumors at GRAY/WHITE MATTER JUNCTION.

29
Q

Psoas Major

A
  • flex thigh at hip
  • attaches to transverse processes and the bodies of the 12th vertebra and all 5 lumbar vertebrae
  • infection can spread leading to psoas abscess
30
Q

Psammoma Bodies

A
  • laminated, concentric spherules with dystrophic calcification
  • Papillary carcinoma of thyroid
  • Serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma of ovary
  • Meningioma
  • Malignant Mesothelioma
31
Q

Antidiabetic agent that is contraindicated in patients with heart failure

A

Thiazolidinediones

  • binds to PPAR-gamma leading to increase in insulin sensitivity
  • can cause worsening of heart failure symptoms, fluid retention leading to peripheral edema, and promotion of weight gain
32
Q

Gastric acid regulation

A

Stimulate: Gastrin, Histamine, Acetylcholine
Reduce: Somatostatin, Prostaglandin E2

33
Q

Ixodes Tick

A
  • vector of Bebesiosis and Lyme Disease
34
Q

Lobular vs Ductal carcinoma of the breast

A

Lobular:

  • cancer cells appear in “single file”
  • no glands
  • usually bilateral
  • dec E-cadherin expression

Ductal:

  • most common type
  • present as firm mass
  • small glands lined by pleomorphic cells surrounded by reactive, desmoplastic stroma
35
Q

ADP-ribosylation bacterial toxins

A 
E coli heat labile toxin -Gs
Cholera toxin - Gs
Pertussis toxin - Gi
Pseudomonas toxin - eEF2
Diptheria toxin - eEF2
36
Q

Monozygotic twins

A

arise from 1 fertilized egg that splits in early pregnancy

  • Cleavage 0-4 days: separate chorion and amnion
  • 4-8 days: shared chorion
  • 9-12 days: shared amnion
  • > 13 days: shared body (conjoined)
37
Q

REM rebound

A
  • increase in number and intensity of dreams for several days
  • occur with discontinuation of meds known to suppress REM
  • alcohol
  • barbiturates
  • stimulants
  • TCA
  • SSRI
  • lithium
  • MAO inhibitors
38
Q

Transformation

A

SHiN

  • Streptococcus pneumonia
  • Haemophilus influenzae
  • Neisseria spp
39
Q

Ataxia-Telangiectasia

A
  • autosomal recessive
  • ataxia, spider angioma, IgA deficiency
  • defects in ATM gene -> failure to detect DNA damage
40
Q

ATM gene (ataxia-telangiectasia)

A
  • tumor suppressor gene -> DNA-dependent protein kinase

- recognizes and corrects DNA double strand breaks

41
Q

Borders of the heart:

A

Right Border: Right Atrium
Anterior: Right Ventricle
Posterior: Left Atrium
Left Border/Floor: Left Ventricle

42
Q

Francisella tularensis

A
  • etiologic agent for tularemia
  • facultative intracellular pathogen
  • small, pale-staining, slow-growing, aerobic, gram-negative coccobacilli that optimally grow at 35C
  • requires CYSTEINE for growth
43
Q

RBF autoregulation

A

Effected primarily through AFFERENT arteriolar CONSTRICTION

2 principal mechanisms:

  • myogenic response
  • tubuloglomerular feedback

Efferent arteriole does not regulation of RBF

44
Q

Beck’s triad

A
  • see in cardiac tamponade
    Hypotension
    Distended neck veins
    Muffled heart sounds
45
Q

Major salivary glands

A

Majority is mucous: SUBLINGUAL
Mixed mucous & serous: SUBMANDIBULAR
Majority is serous: PAROTID

46
Q

Ticlopidine

A

Blocks ADP from binding to platelets

Side effect: Neutropenia

47
Q

SNRI vs TCA

A

Both inhibit 5-HT and NE reuptake

TCA SE: antimuscarinic effects, alpha-adrenergic blockade, cardiotoxicity

48
Q

Friedrich ataxia

A

trinucleotide expansion repeat (GAA)
autosomal recessive mutation on frataxin gene on Ch9
age 5-15. Begin as gait ataxia and eventually spread to arms and trunk
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Most die from cardiac causes

49
Q

Neurofibromatosis 1

A

mutations on tumor suppressor gene, NF1 on Ch17
Cafe-au-lait spots (light-brown macules)
Lisch nodules (pigmented iris hamartomas)
multiple peripheral nerve tumors (neurofibroma)

50
Q

Invasive Fungal Sinusitis

A
  • Aspergillus - neutropenic patients

- Zygomycetes (Mucor) - diabetic and neutropenic patients

51
Q

Recurrent Laryngeal n.

A
  • branch of vagus n
  • supply all intrinsic muscle of the larynx except cricothyroid
  • vulnerable during thyroid surgeries -> hoarseness
52
Q

Molecular motor that powers ciliary & flagellar beating and intracellular vesicle transport

A

Dynein

53
Q

von Hippel-Lindau disease

A

Deletion of VHL gene at Ch3

Hemangioblastoma of in retina, brainstem, cerebellum, spine
Angiomatosis
bilateral Renal cell carcinoma
Pheochromocytoma

54
Q

Most common cause of sporadic encephalitis

A

Herpes simplex virus 1

- has propensity for TEMPORAL lobes

55
Q

Rb gene

A

Retinoblastoma and osteosarcoma

UWorld Journal (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions