KC Flashcards
(37 cards)
Ella has decided to join a mindfulness class because
A. It was developed by Linehan
B. It involves applied psychoanalysis
C. She understands that it involves unstructured conversation
D. It has roots in Yoga and Buddhism
D->Mindfulness, as it is commonly taught today, has roots in meditation practices from both Yoga and Buddhism, focusing on present-moment awareness and accepting experiences without judgment. While Linehan did incorporate mindfulness into her Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), it is the broader tradition of mindfulness practices from Buddhism and Yoga that it draws from.
Being stalled in which of Freud’s psychosexual stages results in excessive dependence on others?
A. The oral stage
B. The anal stage
C. The phallic stage
D. The genital stage
A-> Freud believed that fixation during the oral stage of psychosexual development (which occurs roughly from birth to 1 year) could lead to behaviors such as excessive dependence, clinging, and seeking oral gratification (like smoking or overeating) in adulthood. This stage is associated with the mouth, and if a child experiences either too much or too little gratification during this stage, it could result in oral fixations later in life, which often manifest as seeking emotional support or reassurance from others.
The somatogenic perspective on mental illness is best represented by the
A medical model
B. Behavioral model
C. Cognitive model
D. humanistic model
A-> The somatogenic perspective on mental illness focuses on the idea that mental disorders are caused by biological factors, such as genetics, brain abnormalities, or chemical imbalances. This perspective aligns closely with the medical model, which views mental illness as a disease or disorder that can be diagnosed and treated in a manner similar to physical illnesses. The other models (behavioral, cognitive, and humanistic) focus on psychological, cognitive, or human experiences, rather than biological causes.
The idea of “Striving for Superiority” is part of the theory of
A. Freud
B. Rogers
C. Jung
D. Adler
D-> The concept of “striving for superiority” is central to Alfred Adler’s theory of individual psychology. Adler believed that individuals are motivated by a desire to overcome feelings of inferiority and strive for personal growth and superiority. This drive is seen as a key factor in shaping behavior and achieving success. It contrasts with Freud’s focus on sexuality, Rogers’ emphasis on self-actualization, and Jung’s ideas about the collective unconscious.
A bee stung Alice while she was playing in the yard last week. Now she becomes panicky every time she goes out to play. In this example, the CS is
A. Playing outside
B. Seeing the bee
C. The sting
D. Feeling panicky
In classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus (CS) is the previously neutral stimulus that, after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US), begins to trigger a conditioned response (CR).
In this case, the bee sting (the unconditioned stimulus, or US) naturally caused Alice to feel pain and fear (the unconditioned response, or UR). After the sting, Alice begins to associate playing outside (which was previously neutral) with the fear she experienced. As a result, playing outside (the CS) now triggers her panicky feeling (the conditioned response, or CR).
Dr. Sullivan tells her client that his disturbances have been learned. What is the most likely theoretical orientation that Dr. Sullivan is displaying?
A. Cognitive
B. Behavioral
C. Humanistic
D. Psychoanalytic
B->
If Dr. Sullivan is telling her client that his disturbances have been learned, she is most likely adopting a behavioral theoretical orientation. Behavioral therapy focuses on the idea that maladaptive behaviors are learned through conditioning (classical or operant) and can be unlearned or modified through new learning experiences. This contrasts with other approaches, like cognitive, humanistic, or psychoanalytic, which focus on different factors (e.g., thought patterns, self-actualization, unconscious conflicts).
Aron’s therapist instructs Aron that he will be viewing his thoughts from a detached perspective. This is a component of
A. Humanistic or Rogerian therapy
B. REBT
C. CBT
D. Acceptance and commitment therapy
In Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), one of the key strategies is to encourage clients to view their thoughts from a detached or objective perspective, often referred to as cognitive defusion. This helps clients create psychological distance from their thoughts, rather than being overwhelmed or defined by them. ACT focuses on accepting thoughts and feelings without judgment, while committing to actions aligned with personal values.
Which of the following believed that personality was formed in childhood?
A. Erikson
B. Watson
C. Skinner
D. Adler
D-> Alfred Adler believed that personality is largely formed in childhood, particularly during the early years. He emphasized the role of feelings of inferiority and the drive for superiority in shaping a person’s character and behaviors. While the other figures mentioned (Erikson, Watson, Skinner) had their own theories about development, Adler was the one who placed a significant focus on childhood experiences as foundational to personality development.
The ethical principle of informed consent involves the idea that
A. Research data should be confidential and private
B. Research participants may need to be “debriefed” after the research is completed
C. Participants in research need accurate information prior to participating
D. All of the answers are correct
C-> Informed consent is an ethical principle that ensures participants in research are fully aware of the nature of the study, what will be required of them, and any potential risks or benefits before they agree to participate. While the other options (confidentiality, debriefing) are important ethical considerations in research, informed consent specifically focuses on providing participants with accurate information beforehand.
Which of the following is Galton credited with?
A. The self-report questionnaire
B. Early psychological classification system development
C. Establishing the nature vs. nurture model
D. Assisting in deinstitutionalization
C-> Sir Francis Galton is credited with contributing to the development of the nature vs. nurture debate, focusing on the influence of genetics (nature) and environment (nurture) on human development and behavior. He was one of the early researchers to examine hereditary traits and their role in intelligence, laying the groundwork for later discussions on this topic.
The other options are not directly associated with Galton:
A (self-report questionnaire) was more closely associated with later psychologists like William McDougall.
B (psychological classification system development) is more closely related to people like William James or Jean Piaget.
D (deinstitutionalization) is primarily linked to figures like Clifford Beers or mental health advocates in the mid-20th century.
Who was often described as the first female social scientist?
A. Martineau
B. Hanwell
C. Ellis
D. Dix
A-> Harriet Martineau is often described as the first female social scientist. She was an English social theorist and writer, and she made significant contributions to sociology and social theory, particularly with her work on the principles of sociology and her analyses of social issues such as class, gender, and education. Her work is considered foundational in the development of sociological thought.
What led to the Abandonment of moral care?
A. Freud’s work with psychoanalysis provided alternative answers
B. Laws were passed to eliminate them
C. Mesmer’s work became popular
D. The asylums became overcrowded
D-> The abandonment of moral care, which was an approach focused on treating people with mental illness with kindness, respect, and humane treatment, occurred partly because asylums became overcrowded in the 19th century. As mental health facilities expanded and the number of patients grew, there was less capacity to provide individualized care, leading to a more institutionalized and less compassionate environment. This shift was compounded by the growing medicalization of mental illness and changes in how psychiatric conditions were understood.
While Freud’s work and Mesmer’s ideas had influence on the field, overcrowding in asylums was a primary factor in the decline of moral treatment approaches.
Miranda learns about the lobotomy and becomes very distressed. She believes that physicians must have been evil and callous to engage in such a barbaric practice. The best description of this is
A. Historicism
B. Relativism
C. Presentism
D. Empiricism
C-> Presentism is the tendency to view past events, people, or practices through the lens of contemporary values and perspectives. In this case, Miranda is judging the practice of lobotomy by today’s standards, finding it distressing and barbaric. This is an example of presentism, as she is applying modern views to historical practices without fully understanding the context of that time.
The Mental Hygiene Movement was a ___________ theory of mental illness
A. Supernatural
B. Somatogenic
C. Psychogenic
D. Iatrogenic
B-> The Mental Hygiene Movement focused on the idea that mental illness had biological causes and should be treated with a focus on improving physical and environmental conditions. This approach aligns with the somatogenic theory, which emphasizes the role of biological factors (like brain function, genetics, or physical health) in the development of mental disorders. The movement advocated for better care, hygiene, and conditions for people with mental illness, believing that such improvements would help reduce symptoms.
A sociocultural perspective involves
A. Community psychology
B. Government entities
C. No-profit agencies
D. All of the answers are correct
D-> A sociocultural perspective in psychology focuses on how social and cultural factors influence behavior, mental processes, and well-being. It takes into account the roles of community psychology, government entities, and nonprofit agencies in shaping the environments and social structures that affect individuals’ lives. All these elements are part of the broader sociocultural context that influences mental health and social functioning.
O. Hobart Mowrer is responsible for developing
A. The Behaviorist Manifesto
B. The Two Factor Theory
C. The Malleus Maleficarum
D. None of the answers are correct
B-> O. Hobart Mowrer is best known for developing the Two Factor Theory of learning. This theory combines both classical and operant conditioning to explain the development of phobias. Mowrer proposed that anxiety and fear responses (conditioned responses) are initially learned through classical conditioning, and are then maintained through operant conditioning by avoiding the feared object or situation, which reinforces the avoidance behavior.
The other options are not associated with Mowrer:
A. The Behaviorist Manifesto is associated with John B. Watson.
C. The Malleus Maleficarum is a historical text related to witch trials, not psychology.
Which of the following did work that lead to the development of the DSM?
A. William Tuke
B. Jerome Frank
C. Sigmund Freud
D. Emil Kraepelin
D-> Emil Kraepelin is considered one of the pioneers in the development of modern psychiatric classification systems, which heavily influenced the creation of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). Kraepelin’s work in categorizing mental disorders based on symptoms and their course laid the foundation for the diagnostic criteria used in the DSM.
The other figures mentioned made important contributions to psychology and psychiatry, but they were not directly involved in the development of the DSM:
A. William Tuke was a key figure in the mental hygiene movement and the development of more humane treatment for the mentally ill.
B. Jerome Frank focused on the therapeutic process and the common factors in different types of therapy.
C. Sigmund Freud developed psychoanalysis, but his focus was on the theory of the unconscious mind, not on classification of mental disorders.
The ethical principle of informed consent basically involves the idea that
A. Information on research participants should be kept confidential
B. Participants should be given enough information so that they can freely choose
C. Research participants must be “debriefed” at the conclusion of research
D. All of the answers are correct
B-> The ethical principle of informed consent ensures that participants are provided with adequate information about a study (including its purpose, procedures, risks, and benefits) so they can make an informed and voluntary decision about whether or not to participate. It emphasizes transparency and autonomy, allowing participants to make an informed choice.
While confidentiality (A) and debriefing (C) are important ethical considerations in research, they are not the core of informed consent, which specifically focuses on providing participants with the information they need to decide whether to participate in the research.
The medicine man in a tribe prescribes exorcism to free the person of her demons. This is an example of
A. Somatogenic approach
B. Demonogenic approach
C. Supernatural approach
D. Psychogenic approach
C-> The supernatural approach to mental illness is based on the belief that disorders are caused by forces beyond the natural world, such as demons, spirits, or divine intervention. In this case, the medicine man prescribing exorcism to rid a person of demons reflects the supernatural view of mental health. This is distinct from other approaches, like somatogenic (biological causes), psychogenic (psychological causes), or demonogenic (which isn’t a commonly recognized term in psychology).
The term “etiology” refers to
A. Serious psychosis
B. The outcome of treatment
C. The process of diagnosis
D. The cause of something
D-> Etiology refers to the study of the cause or origin of something, especially in relation to diseases or disorders. In psychology, it pertains to understanding the factors or causes that contribute to the development of mental health conditions.
Trephination can be classified as an ______ strategy
A. Supernatural
B. Demonogenic
C. Psychogenic
D. Somatogenic
D-> Trephination is an ancient surgical practice where holes were drilled into the skull, often with the belief that it would release evil spirits or treat mental disorders. However, it is considered somatogenic because it involves a physical procedure (surgery) aimed at affecting the body to treat mental illness. The somatogenic approach focuses on biological causes for mental disorders, such as brain injury or dysfunction. Even though it may have been used for supernatural or spiritual beliefs, the practice itself is based on a physical intervention.
The other options:
A. Supernatural would refer to explanations involving mystical or divine causes.
B. Demonogenic refers to beliefs specifically about demons or spirits causing the disorder.
C. Psychogenic focuses on psychological factors, such as mental or emotional causes of illness.
Which of the following people practiced “Icepick Lobotomies”
A. Mesmer
B. Freeman
C. Kraepelin
D. Moniz
B-> Walter Freeman is infamous for popularizing the practice of “icepick lobotomies” in the mid-20th century. He performed thousands of lobotomies, a procedure that involved inserting an instrument resembling an icepick through the eye socket to sever connections in the brain’s prefrontal cortex. This procedure was often done in an effort to treat mental disorders, though it was highly controversial and led to severe side effects for many patients.
A. Mesmer is known for his work with “mesmerism,” which was a precursor to hypnosis.
C. Kraepelin was a psychiatrist known for his classification of mental disorders, but he was not involved with lobotomies.
D. Moniz developed the lobotomy procedure but did not practice “icepick” lobotomies specifically. He initially used a more invasive method involving drilling holes in the skull.
Which of the following was influential in the “moral treatment” of the mentally ill?
A. All inmates were housed together no matter their diagnosis
B. Inmates with similar conditions were housed together
C. Inmates were classified according to their dangerousness
D. Inmates could select the ward in which they resided
B-> The moral treatment movement, which gained prominence in the 18th and 19th centuries, emphasized humane care for individuals with mental illness. A key aspect of this approach was creating a more organized and compassionate environment, where patients were often housed in smaller, more manageable groups with others who had similar conditions. This allowed for more individualized attention and care, which contrasted with the overcrowded and often inhumane conditions of earlier mental institutions.
The other options aren’t typically associated with the moral treatment movement:
A (All inmates housed together regardless of diagnosis) would contradict the individualized approach of moral treatment.
C (Classifying inmates by dangerousness) was not a focus of moral treatment, which instead emphasized compassionate care.
D (Inmates selecting their wards) wasn’t a standard practice in the moral treatment approach.
Which of the following had the theory that the imbalance of four essential bodily fluids caused mental illness?
A. Hippocrates
B. Dix
C. Weyer
D. Kraepelin
A-> Hippocrates, often referred to as the “Father of Medicine,” proposed the theory of the four humors. According to this theory, mental illness could be caused by an imbalance in four essential bodily fluids (blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile). This idea was a part of ancient Greek medical thought and influenced the development of medical and psychological theories for centuries.
