KCNA Flashcards
(126 cards)
1
Q
Which is not a service type in Kubernetes?
A. ClusterIP
B. NodePort
C. Ingress
D. LoadBalancer
E. ExternalName
A
c. Ingress
2
Q
What standard does kubelet use to communicate with the container runtime?
A. Service Mesh Interface (SMI)
B. CRI-O
C. ContainerD
D. Container Runtime Interface (CRI)
A
D. Container Runtime Interface (CRI)
3
Q
What kind of limitation do cgroups allow? (Select all that apply)
A. Prioritization
B. Resource limiting
C. Accounting
D. None of the options
E. Control
F. Server cpu and memory
A
A, B, C, E
A. Prioritization
B. Resource limiting
C. Accounting
E. Control
4
Q
What is the most common way to scale the application in the cloud environment?
A. Parallel Scaling
B. Horizontal Scaling
C. Vertical Scaling
A
B. Horizontal Scaling
5
Q
Which of the following is an advantage a cloud-native microservices application has over monolithic
applications?
A. Cloud-native microservices applications tend to be faster and more responsive than monolithic
applications.
B. Cloud-native microservice applications tend to be easier to troubleshoot.
C. Cloud-native microservice applications tend to be easier to scale and perform updates on.
A
C. Cloud-native microservice applications tend to be easier to scale and perform updates on.
6
Q
An application that is nearing its usage limit. To increase the amount of users it can handle, you allo-
cate additional memory resources to each instance of the application. What type of scaling is this?
A. Horizontal Scaling
B. Cluster Autoscaling
C. Recursive Scaling
D. Vertical Scaling
A
D. Vertical Scaling
7
Q
Which of the following is not the part of Kubernetes Control Plane?
A. kube scheduler
B. etcd (pronounce: esty-d)
C. kube api-server
D. kube-proxy
A
D. kube-proxy
8
Q
Which of the following factors does scheduling take into account when selecting a Node?
A. How many replicas there are in a Deployment
B. Services
C. Resource requirements
D. The number of existing Pods on a Node
A
C. Resource requirements
9
Q
What is etcd used for in Kubernetes?
A. Integration with cloud platforms
B. Network routing for the cluster
C. Kubernetes API security
D. Backend object storage for the Kubernetes API
A
D. Backend object storage for the Kubernetes API
10
Q
What are container runtimes with Kubernetes? (Select all that apply)
A. CRI-O
B. lxd
C. containerd
D. Dockershim
A
A, C
A. CRI-O
C. containerd
11
Q
Which Kubernetes resource creates Kubernetes Jobs?
A. JobFactory
B. CronJob
C. Task
D. JobDeployment
A
B. CronJob
12
Q
Which of the following are characteristics of Statefulsets?
A. Ordered, graceful deployment and scaling
B. Creates replica sets
C. Uses headless services
A
A. Ordered, graceful deployment and scaling
13
Q
What can you use to add new resource types to your cluster?
A. start container
B. CustomResourceDefinitions
C. init container
D. Flux
E. CRI-O
A
B. CustomResourceDefinitions
14
Q
What is horizontal scaling?
A. Creating a Deployment
B. Adding resources to existing apps and servers
C. Moving workloads from one server to another
D. Adding additional replicas of apps and servers
A
D. Adding additional replicas of apps and servers
15
Q
What kubectl command is used to edit a resource on the server?
A. kubectl resource modify
B. kubectl update resource
C. kubectl edit
D. kubectl resource edit
A
C. kubectl edit
16
Q
Which of the following computing model doesn’t require you to provision infrastructure?
A. None of the above
B. Bare Metal
C. Compute Engine
D. Virtual Machines
E. Serverless
A
E. Serverless
17
Q
What Kubernetes resource would allow you to run one Pod on some of your Nodes?
A. DaemonSet
B. ClusterSet
C. Deployment
D. ReplicaSet
A
A. DaemonSet
18
Q
What cloud-native construct does a kubernetes pod wrap?
A. Container
B. Virtual Machine (VM)
C. side car process
D. Docker image
A
A. Container
19
Q
What is the smallest possible unit in Kubernetes to run a container?
A. pod
B. docker
C. service
D. container
A
A. pod
20
Q
What command can you use to get documentation about a resource type from the command line?
A. kubectl api-resources
B. kubectl explain
C. kubectl get
D. kubeadm get-resource
A
B. kubectl explain
21
Q
Stateful set requires which service for the network identity of pods?
A. Ingress
B. Load Balancer Service
C. Headless Service
A
C. Headless Service
22
Q
What Linux feature is used to provide isolation for containers?
A. Processes
B. Services
C. NetworkPolicy
D. Control groups
A
D. Control groups
23
Q
What does CNCF stand for?
A. Cloud Native Computing Foundation
B. Cloud Native Cloud Foundation
C. Cloud Native Container Foundation
A
A. Cloud Native Computing Foundation
24
Q
Which of the following are not the metrics for Site Reliability Engineering?
A. Service Level Objectives ‘SLO’
B. Service Level Agreements ‘SLA’
C. Service Level Indicators ‘SLI’
D. Service Level Definition ‘SLD’
A
D. Service Level Definition ‘SLD’
25
There are three Nodes in a cluster, and you want to run exactly one replica of a Pod on each Node. You prefer
to automatically create a replica on any new Nodes when they are added. Which Kubernetes resource should you use?
A. DaemonSet
B. ReplicaSet
C. NodeSet
D. StatefulSet
E. Deployment
A. DaemonSet
26
The 4C’s of Cloud Native security
A. Chroot, Compute, Cluster and Container
B. Cluster, Cloud, Compute, and Containers
C. Code, Containers, Compute, and Cloud
D. Cloud, Clusters, Containers, and Code
D. Cloud, Clusters, Containers, and Code
27
Various Container Orchestrator Systems (COS)? (Select all that apply)
A. Apache Mesos
B. None of the options
C. Docker Swarm
D. Kubernetes
A,C, and D
A. Apache Mesos
C. Docker Swarm
D. Kubernetes
28
Which is NOT a use case for the Kubernetes dashboard?
A. Troubleshooting any issues with applications
B. Managing running applications
C. Installing new Kubernetes cluster
D. Managing the entire Kubernetes cluster
C. Installing new Kubernetes cluster
29
Which kubernetes object do deployments use behind the scenes when they need to scale pods?
A. POD
B. Deployment
C. Horizontal pod autoscaler
D. Api Scheduler
E. Replicasets
E. Replicasets
30
To specify a Kubernetes object which language is used?
A. JSON
B. Go
C. YAML
D. Node
E. Python
C. YAML
31
Which organizational persona creates Service Level Agreements 'SLA', Service Level Objectives 'SLO',
and Service Level Indicator 'SLI'?
A. Developer
B. DevSecOps
C. Site Reliability Engineer (SRE)
D. Security and Compliance Engineer
E. DevOps
C. Site Reliability Engineer (SRE)
32
A _____ is a ready-to-run software package, containing everything needed to run an application.
A. Container Repository
B. Container Runtime
C. Docker
D. Container Image
D. Container Image
33
What is autoscaling?
A. Automatically measuring resource usage
B. Automatically assigning workloads to nodes in a cluster
C. Automatically repairing broken application instances
D. Automatically adding or removing compute resources as needed
D. Automatically adding or removing compute resources as needed
34
Open Container Initiative set container standards for
A. Code, Build, Distribute, Deploy containers
B. Run, build, and image
C. Code, Build, Distribute containers
D. Run, Build, Distribute containers
D. Run, Build, Distribute containers
35
What are the two major components of service mesh?
A. Control plane and Data plane
B. Master plane and Data plane
C. None of the options
D. Controller plane and User plane
E. Master plane and User plane
A. Control plane and Data plane
36
What is the command to list all the available objects in your Kubernetes cluster?
A. kubectl get all
B. kubectl get api-resources
C. kubectl api-resources
D. kubectl get pods
C. kubectl api-resources
37
A new Pod is created. Then, the Pod is assigned to a Node. Which Kubernetes component was re-
sponsible for determining which Node to assign the Pod to?
A. kubelet
B. Scheduler
C. API Server
D. Controller manager
B. Scheduler
38
Which of the following is not the required field to describe Kubernetes objects?
A. metadata
B. apiVersion
C. Kind
D. Container
E. spec
D. Container
39
Which access control component of Kubernetes is responsible for authorization and decides what
requestor is allowed to do?
A. Service Account
B. Role-based access control 'RBAC'
C. Deployment
B. Role-based access control 'RBAC'
40
How to create deployment name app-dep, image=nginx, and replicas 5 using imperative command?
A. kubectl create app-dep deployment --image=nginx --replicas=5
B. kubectl create deployment app-dep --image=nginx --replicas=5
C. kubectl create app-dep deployment --replicas=5 --image=nginx
B. kubectl create deployment app-dep --image=nginx --replicas=5
41
Which of the following container runtime is planned to be deprecated in Kubernetes 1.20 and high-
er?
A. cri-o
B. None of the options
C. docker
D. podman
E. containerd
C. docker
42
Which style of operations are preferred for K8S and cloud native applications?
A. JSON
B. Declarative
C. Imperative
B. Declarative
43
Which of the following is NOT a Kubernetes component?
A. Scheduler
B. Docker
C. Cloud Controller manager
D. Kube-proxy
B. Docker
44
Which part of a Kubernetes cluster is responsible for running container workloads?
A. Worker Node
B. kube-proxy
C. Control plane
E. etcd
A. Worker Node
45
Which control plane component is responsible for scheduling pods?
A. kube-proxy
B. kube scheduler
C. kubelet
D. kube api-server
B. kube scheduler
46
What is a benefit of Kubernetes federation? (Select all that apply)
A. Avoids scalability limits on pods and nodes
B. Creates highly available clusters in different regions
C. Low latency
A, B, C
A. Avoids scalability limits on pods and nodes
B. Creates highly available clusters in different regions
C. Low latency
47
To run a startup task before a Pod's container starts up. What Kubernetes feature can help you ac-
complish this?
A. Init container
B. Sidecar container
C. Startup probe
D. DaemonSet
A. Init container
48
Which of the following best describes the way K8S Role-based access control (RBAC) works?
A. K8S does not do RBAC or Cluster role
B. RBAC lists which operations are denied to users
C. States which users can perform which actions against the resources.
C. States which users can perform which actions against the resources.
49
The Kubernetes API provides an interface for storing objects. Which of the following describes the
type of objects stored by the Kubernetes API?
A. Containers
B. REST
C. YAML
D. ETCD
B. REST
50
What is the name of the Kubernetes agent that runs on each worker nodes?
A. kubelet
B. systemd
C. kube-proxy
D. pod
A. kubelet
51
Which of the following best describes the way kubernetes Role-based access control (RBAC) works?
A. Kubernetes does not do RBAC
B. Kubernetes RBAC states which users can perform which actions against which re-source
C. Kubernetes RBAC lists which operations on which resources are denied to users
D. Kubernetes RBAC is responsible for authenticating subjects such as users and groups
B. Kubernetes RBAC states which users can perform which actions against which re-source
52
'kubectl delete -n my-ns po,svc --all' will delete pods and services including uninitialized ones in the
namespace 'my-ns'
A. FALSE
B. TRUE
B. TRUE
53
Which command is used to expose Kubernetes service
A. kubectl expose
B. kubectl create
C. kubectl run
A. kubectl expose
54
How can you achieve cost optimization in the cloud environment?
A. Use On Demand instances
B. Use Spot Instances
C. Use Reserved Instances
D. Use Bare Metal
C. Use Reserved Instances
55
Which style of operations are preferred for kubernetes and cloud-native applications?
A. Imperative
B. None of the above
C. Declarative
C. Declarative
56
What is the main difference between Argo vs. Flux CD?
A. Argo is pull-based, and Flux is push-based
B. No difference; both are pull-based
C. Argo is push-based, and Flux is pull-based
D. No difference; both are push-based
C. Argo is push-based, and Flux is pull-based
57
What is a commonly used package manager for kubernetes applications?
A. npm
B. apt
C. helm
D. kubernetes manifest
C. helm
58
What is not semantic versioning?
A. 1.0.0
B. 2022-05-04
C. 1.0.0-alpha
D. 1.0.0-beta.2
B. 2022-05-04
59
Which of the following command is used to get detailed information about the pod?
A. kubectl info
B. kubectl get
C. kubectl describe
D. kubectl explain
C. kubectl describe
60
Which CNCF project is the dominant project with respect to container registries
A. Envoy
B. Harbor
C. Kubernetes
D. Rook
B. Harbor
61
Which statement is true about Pod Networking?
A. All pod requires an external DNS server to get the hostname
B. All containers in a pod get a unique IP address
C. All containers in a pod share a single IP address
D. All pod requires NAT to get a unique IP address.
C. All containers in a pod share a single IP address
62
How can persistent volume be provisioned?
A. Automatically
B. Bootstrap
C. Dynamically
C. Dynamically
63
Which component of the kubernetes control-plane (master) are all requests to deploy and manage
objects posted to?
A. ETCD
B. Controller Manager
C. Kube-proxy
D. API Server
E. Kubelet
D. API Server
64
kubeadm is an administrative dashboard for kubernetes
A. False
B. True
A. False
65
What CNCF project is the leading DNS project in the CNCF landscape?
A. Kubernetes
B. gRPC
C. KubeDNS
D. CoreDNS
D. CoreDNS
66
The three typical opentelemetry data is?
A. Metrics
B. Traces
C. Logs
D. All of the options
D. All of the options
67
Which kubernetes object do deployments use behind the scenes when they need to scale pods?
A. Horizontal pod autoscaler
B. ReplicaSets
C. kubectl
D. Replication controller
B. ReplicaSets
68
Which project in this list is a leading project in the observability space?
A. Jaeger
B. Vitess
C. Argo
D. Kubernetes
A. Jaeger
69
Which of the following is not the Kubernetes AutoScaling Strategy?
A. Horizontal Pod Autoscaler
B. Cluster Autoscaler
C. Vertical Pod Autoscaler
D. Load Balancing AutoScaler
D. Load Balancing AutoScaler
70
Which project is not a dominant CNCF project in the storage landscape?
A. Envoy
B. Vitess
C. Rook
D. TiKV
A. Envoy
71
How does service logical group set of pods?
A. Using hostname
B. Using label and selectors
C. Using IP address
B. Using label and selectors
72
Continuous delivery is _____.
A. Manually deploying the code
B. Coding, Building and Testing the code
C. Automatically deploying code to [container or server] environment
C. Automatically deploying code to [container or server] environment
73
How to get the logs of the previously terminated nginx container from the web pod?
A. kubectl logs -p -c nginx web
B. kubectl logs nginx
C. kubectl logs -p -c web nginx
D. kubectl logs -f -c nginx web
A. kubectl logs -p -c nginx web
74
Which of the following is used to request storage in Kubernetes?
A. PersistentVolume 'PV'
B. PersistentVolumeClaim 'PVC'
C. Container Storage Interface 'CSI'
D. StorageClasses
B. PersistentVolumeClaim 'PVC'
75
What command to view the kube config?
A. kubectl view config
B. kubectl config view
C. kubectl get kubeconfig
B. kubectl config view
76
What are cluster-wide objects?
A. Service and Pods
B. Volumes and Nodes
C. ConfigMaps and Secrets
B. Volumes and Nodes
77
Which of the following best describes a cloud-native app?
A. An application where all logic is coded into a single large binary.
B. An application that publishes an HTTPS web front-end.
C. An application that takes advantages of cloud computing fromworks and their loosely coupled
cloud services.
D. An application that leverages services that are native to public cloud platforms such as Azure, GCP,
and/or AWS.
C. An application that takes advantages of cloud computing fromworks and their loosely coupled
cloud services.
78
A _____ is an application running on kubernetes.
A. node
B. pod
C. workload
D. container
C. workload
79
The Kubernetes rolling update is used for ______.
A. Updating a service
B. Scaling an application
C. Updating a deployment
C. Updating a deployment
80
Fluentd is the leading project in the CNCF space for logging?
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
A. TRUE
81
What are default kubernetes namespaces?
A. default, kube-public, kube-system, kube-node-lease
B. kube-default, kube-public, kube-system, kube-node-lease
C. default, kube-public, kube-systems, kube-node-lease
D. default, kube-public, kube-system, kube-node-leases
A. default, kube-public, kube-system, kube-node-lease
82
What is the default service type in Kubernetes?
A. CusterIP
B. NodePort
C. serviceType
D. loadBalancer
A. CusterIP
83
Observability and monitoring are not the same?
A. True
B. False
A. True
84
In Kubernetes, what is considered the primary cluster data source?
A. etcd (pronounce: esty-d)
B. api server
C. kubelet
D. scheduler
A. etcd (pronounce: esty-d)
85
Which command-line tool is used to interact with the Kubernetes cluster?
A. kube-api
B. kubectl
C. kube-scheduler
B. kubectl
86
Notary and the update framework leading security projects in CNCF
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
A. TRUE
87
What is the functionality of the daemon set?
A. To run a copy of the pod in all the nodes of the cluster
B. To initialize the pod before starting the main pod
C. To run a copy of the pod in a single node of the cluster
A. To run a copy of the pod in all the nodes of the cluster
88
How should folks new to the cloud native ecosystem, go about learning the different aspects of the
ecosystem?
A. by signing up the CNCF slack
B. by reading the Kubernetes documentation
C. by looking at the cloud native landscape
D. by looking at the cloud native trail-map
D. by looking at the cloud native trail-map
89
What is the command used to login to the pod?
A. kubectl login
B. kubectl list
C. kubectl exec
D. kubectl get
C. kubectl exec
90
Fluentd is the only way to export logs from Kubernetes cluster or applications running in cluster
A. True
B. False
B. False
91
What is the use of labels in Kubernetes?
A. All of the options
B. It is used to assign annotation to an object
C. It is used to assign key-value pair to an object
D. It is used to assign a name to an object.
C. It is used to assign key-value pair to an object
92
What do you call the pattern where you add a second container to the pod to collect logs infor-
mation?
A. Sidecar container logging
B. Node level logging
C. Application level logging
D. Cluster level logging
A. Sidecar container logging
93
Which of the following provides cloud-native storage orchestration?
A. Cloud Provider Specific storage (EBS, EFS, Cloud Storage)
B. Cloud Storage
C. Storage IO
A. Cloud Provider Specific storage (EBS, EFS, Cloud Storage)
94
What feature is used for selecting the container runtime configuration?
A. RuntimeClass
B. RuntimeContainer
C. Runtime
D. RuntimeConfig
A. RuntimeClass
95
What is OPA?
A. Open Permission Agent
B. Online Policy Audit
C. Open Policy Agent
D. Offline Policy Accessor
C. Open Policy Agent
96
Which of the following is not a stop on the cloud native trailmap?
A. Microservices
B. CI/CD
C. Containerization
D. Software distribution
A. Microservices
97
Flux is built using which toolkit?
A. CI/CD
B. DevSecOps
C. GitOps
D. DevOps
C. GitOps
98
What is the command used to scale the application?
A. kubectl run
B. kubectl explain
C. kubectl scale
C. kubectl scale
99
What does the 'kops' acronym means?
A. Kubernetes Open Platform Specification
B. Kubernetes Operations
C. Kubernetes Operators
D. Kubernetes Operation Policy Specification
B. Kubernetes Operations
100
How would you return all the pod data in the json format using kubectl command?
A. kubectl get pods -o json
B. kubectl get pods --all-namspaces
C. kubectl get pods -o wide
D. kubectl get pods -o jsonpath
A. kubectl get pods -o json
101
What is container runtime?
A. The amount of time it takes a container to execute
B. A container image format
C. Another term of kubelet or kubectl
D. Software that runs containers
D. Software that runs containers
102
What tool allows us to build useful visual representations of prometheus data?
A. Grafana
B. kubectl
C. Distributed system tracing
D. Rook
E. Kibana
A. Grafana
103
What tool allows you to create self-managing, self-scaling, self-healing storage?
A. Persistent Volume
B. Persistent Volume Claim
C. Storage Class
D. Rook
E. Volume
D. Rook
104
What do GitOps tools do in kubernetes?
A. They allow us to make changes to a kubernetes cluster using a Git repository
B. They manage the source code of kubernetes itself
C. They allow us to store software code in Git
D. They allows us to store container images in repositories
A. They allow us to make changes to a kubernetes cluster using a Git repository
105
Which of the following is an example of vertical scaling?
A. Using cluster autoscaler
B. Adding more resources (memory and/or cpu) to a kubernetes node
C. Adding more nodes to kubernetes cluster
D. Adding more replica pods to a deployment
B. Adding more resources (memory and/or cpu) to a kubernetes node
106
In distributed system tracing, what is the term used to refer to a request as it passes through a single component of the distributed system?
A. Log
B. Span
C. Trace
D. Bucket
B. Span
107
What is the name for the tool that manages communication between pods, injects a sidecar proxy
container into each pod and directs network traffic through the proxy container?
A. namespace
B. Deployment
C. Network policy
D. Service mesh
E. Service
D. Service mesh
108
Have a pod 'hello' and a container in that pod 'green'. Which of the following commands would get
the logs for that container?
A. alias k='kubectl' k logs -p hello -c green
B. alias k='kubectl' k logs hello -c green
C. alias k='kubectl' k get logs -p hello -c green
D. alias k='kubectl' k logs -p hello green
B. alias k='kubectl' k logs hello -c green
109
What is the primary interface for Kubernetes cluster?
A. Kubernetes Api
B. Kubelet
C. YAML
D. Control Plane
E. JSON
A. Kubernetes Api
110
Which tool is built on the GitOps toolkit?
A. Jenkins-X
B. GitHub Workflow & Actions
C. Flux
D. Jenkins
E. ArgoCD
F. Travis CI
C. Flux
111
Which role is responsible of creating service level indicator 'SLI', service level objective 'SLO', &
Service Level Agreements 'SLA'
A. Site reliability engineer 'SRE'
B. DevOps
C. GitOps
D. Security and compliance engineer
E. Developer
A. Site reliability engineer 'SRE'
112
What framework allows developers to write code without worrying about the servers and operating
systems they will run on?
A. Virtualization
B. Docker
C. Serverless
D. Kubernetes
C. Serverless
113
What do control groups provide when it come to containers
A. Permission
B. Image Storage
C. Isolation
D. Logging
C. Isolation
114
What is scheduling in Kubernetes?
A. Determining when to execute a cron-job
B. Assigning pods to nodes
C. Joining a new nodes to the clusters
D. Setting a time for automated tasks
B. Assigning pods to nodes
115
Which authentication method allows JWTs to authenticate?
A. OpenId connect
B. Client 'TLS' certificates
C. OPA gatekeeper
D. Anonymous
A. OpenId connect
116
You might need to run a stateless application in kubernetes, and you want to be able to scale easily
and perform rolling updates. What kubernetes resource type can you use to do this
A. Dameon set
B. Replica set
C. Deployment
D. pod
E. service
F. Stateful set
C. Deployment
117
What is FinOps?
A. The first step in any cloud transformation
B. Stage beyond DevOps or DevSecOps, where organization transition to serverless technologies
C. Using data to make cost savings decisions about cloud usage
D. Specialized cloud features used by financial industries (example: banks, insurance, etc)
C. Using data to make cost savings decisions about cloud usage
118
What is Open Container Initiative 'OCI'?
A. A protocol for communicating with the kubernetes api
B. The governing body of the Cloud Native Computing Foundation 'CNCF'
C. An open standard for managing service mesh in kubernetes
D. An organization that creates open standards for containers
D. An organization that creates open standards for containers
119
What is container orchestration?
A. Packaging code and all of its dependencies into a single executable
B. Adding code to a container image so it can run as a container
C. Using automation to manage containers
D. Spinning a new containers to replace old ones
C. Using automation to manage containers
120
Which kubernetes resource type allows defining which pods are isolated when it comes to networking?
A. Network policy
B. Domain Name System 'DNS'
C. Role Binding
D. Service
A. Network policy
121
Which of the following components is part of the Kubernetes control panel
A. kubectl
B. kube-proxy
C. Service Mesh
D. kubelet
E. Cloud control manager
E. Cloud control manager
122
What makes cloud native technology so important?
A. It makes data centric
B. It strengthens team
C. It removes roadblocks to innovation
D. It helps gather software requirements
E. It makes operational centric
C. It removes roadblocks to innovation
123
What command use to get documentation about kubernetes resource type?
A. alias k='kubectl' k api-resources
B. alias k='kubectl' k api-list
C. alias k='kubectl' k explain
D. alias k='kubectl' k get resource
C. alias k='kubectl' k explain
124
Which prometheus metric type represents a single number value that can increase and decrease
over time?
A. Gauge
B. Histogram
C. Summary
D. Counter
A. Gauge
125
What is the name for a service that has no clusterIp address?
A. Headless
B. NodePort
C. ClusterIP
D. LoadBalancer
A. Headless
126
What are the two goals of Cloud-Native?
A. Rapid innovation and automation
B. Slow innovation and stable applications
C. Frequent deployments and well-defined organizational silos
D. Rapid innovation and reliability
D. Rapid innovation and reliability
