Kerboodle Revision Flashcards by Rory Steele

Magnification =

Size of image/size of real object

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Nucleus

Controls all of the activities of the cell, and surrounded by a nuclear membrane. It contains genes and chromosomes which carry instructions for making new cells or new organisms

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Cytoplasm

A liquid gel where most of the chemical reactions needed for life take place

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Cell membrane

Controls the passage of substances such as glucose and mineral ions into the cell.

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Mitochondria

Where aerobic respiration takes place, releasing energy for the cell.

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Ribosomes

Where protein synthesis takes place.

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Chloroplasts

Contain green substances called chlorophyll, which absorbs light so plants can make food via photosynthesis.

Root cells do not have chloroplasts because they are underground.

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Permanent vacuole

Is a space in the cytoplasm filled with cell sap. Important for keeping the cells rigid to support the plant

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Eukaryotic cells

Eukaryotic cells all have a cell membrane, cytoplasm and genetic material that is enclosed in a nucleus. Genetic material is a chemical called DNA
Examples of eukaryotic cells are plants, animals, fungi and protista

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Prokaryotes

Prokaryotes, like bacteria consist of cytoplasm and a cell membrane surrounded in a cell wall. The genetic material is not in a distinct nucleus. It forms a single DNA loop.

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Nerve cells

Are specialised to carry electrical impulses around the body.

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Nerve cell adaptions

Lots of dendrites to make connections to other nerve cells
An axon that carries the nerve impulses from one place to another
The nerve endings, or synapses are adapted to pass the impulses to another cell or between a nerve cell and a muscle in the body using special transmitter chemicals. Mitochondria

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Muscle cells specialisation

So that they can contract and relax. 
Muscle cells work together in tissues.
Contain special proteins.
Contain many mitochondria to transfer energy.
They can store glycogen

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Sperm cells

Contain genetic information from the male parent.

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Sperm cell adaptions

A long tail which helps the sperm move through the water or the female reproductive system

Middle section full of mitochondria, which transfers energy

Acrosome stores digestive enzymes for breaking down the outer layers of the egg

Large nucleus contain genetic info

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Root hair cells

Help take up water and mineral ions more efficiently

They greatly increase their surface area available for water to move into the cell
They have a large permanent vacuole that speeds up the movement of water by osmosis

They have many mitochondria that transfer the energy needed for the active transport of mineral ions.

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Photo synthetic cells

Plants can make their own food via photosynthetic cells.

Contain chloroplasts which trap light needed for photosynthesis
Large permanent vacuole which helps keep the cell rigid as a result of osmosis
Usually positioned in layers of the stem of a plant so they can absorb as much light as possible.

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Xylem cells

Xylem is the transport tissue in plants that carries water and mineral ions from the roots to the highest leaves and shoots. Xylem is also important for supporting the plant

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Xylem cells adaptions

Xylem cells eventually die and form long hollow tubes that allow water and mineral ions to move easily through them.
Also make them strong.

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Phloem cells

Is the specialised transport tissue that carries food made by photosynthesis around the plant.

The cell walls between the cells break down to form special sieve plates which allow water carrying disolved food to move freely up and down the tubes when needed

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Diffusion

Is the spreading out of particles of any substance, in solution or a gas, resulting in a net movement from an area of higher concentration to lower. Down the concentration gradient

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Rate of diffusion is affected by

The difference in concentrations
The temperature
And the available surface area.

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A dilute solution

A dilute solution of sugar contains a high concentration of water (the solvent). It has a low concentration of of sugar (the solute)

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A concentrated solution

Sugar solution has relatively low concentration of water and high concentration of sugar

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Osmosis

The movement of water from a dilute to a more concentrated solute solution, through a partially permeable membrane, that allows water to pass through.

Cell isotonic to solution

When the concentration of solutes in the solution outside the cell is the SAME as the concentration of solutes inside the cell

Cell to hypotonic solution

When the concentration of solutes in the solution outside is LOWER than the concentration of solutes inside the cell

Cell hypertonic to solution

When the concentration of solutes in the solution outside the cell is HIGHER than the concentration of solutes inside the cell

Osmosis in plants

Plant rely on osmosis to support their stems and leaves

Turgor

Turgor pressure makes the cells hard and rigid, which in turn keeps the leaves and stems of the plant rigid and firm

Plasmolysis

If more water is lost by osmosis, the vacuole and cytoplasm shrink, and eventually the cell membrane pulls away from the cell wall. This is plasmolysis

Active transport

Moves substances from a more dilute solution to a more concentrated solution (against the concentration gradient)

Cell cycle stage 1

Replication of DNA to form 2 copies of each chromosome and synthesis of new sub-cellular structures

Cell cycle stage 2

Mitosis, nucleus divides

Cell cycle stage 3

Cell divides in 2

Chromatids

Duplicate chromosome produced during mitosis

Cytokinesis

The dividing of the cell in the last stage of mitosis

Allele

A version of a particular gene

Chromosome

Thread like structure carrying genetic information

Mitosis

Asexual cell division where two identical cells are formed

Differentiations

When cells divide grow and develop causing variation

Organ system path

Cells - tissues - organs - organ systems - organism

Tissue

A group of cells with similar structures and functions

Test for carbohydrates

Iodine turns from red yellow to blue black if starch is present

Test for protein

Blue biuret regent turns purple if protein is present

Test for lipids

Etanol added to a solution gives a cloudy white layer if a lipid is present

How is enzyme activity affected

Temperature and PH

What happens to an enzyme when temperature is too high

It is denatured and stops working

Components of blood

Plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets

White blood cells

Protect the body from infection

Platelets

Help to clot the blood

Red blood cells

Transports oxygen to cells

Plasma

Transports red blood cells, carbon dioxide and urea

Leaky valves

Heart valves withstand a lot of pressure, and overtime may start to leak or become stiff and not open fully, thus making the heart less efficient.

Artificial pacemakers

An electrical device used to correct irregularities in the heart rate

Artificial hearts

Are occasionally used to keep patients alive while they wait for a transplant.

Transpiration

The loss of water vapour from the surface of plants or leaves

Factors which increase transpiration

Temperature, humidity, air flow and light intensity

Photosynthesis

Water + carbon dioxide ➡️ glucose + oxygen

What affects rate of photosynthesis

Affected by light intensity, temperature, level of carbon dioxide and the amount of chlorophyll

Aerobic respiration

Involves oxygen and glucose long lasting and doesn’t produce lactic acid

Anaerobic respiration

Glucose ➡️ lactic acid (bi product) + energy (short lasting)

Oxygen debt repayment

Lactic acid + oxygen ➡️ carbon dioxide + water

Why is oxygen needed after an anaerobic workout

Oxygen is needed to breakdown the lactic acid that has built up into carbon dioxide and water

The role of the liver

Detoxifying poisonous substances such as ethanol from alcoholic drinks Breaking down worn out cells and storing it as iron until it is needed to synthesise more blood cells

Metabolism

Is the sum of all of the reactions that take place in a cell or in the body