Key Associations

Question 1

Actinic (solar) keratosis

Answer 1

Precursor to squamous cell carcinoma

Question 2

Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury

Answer 2

Cushing ulcer (increase intracranial pressure stimulates vagal gastric H secretion)

Question 3

Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns

Answer 3

Curling ulcer (greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa)

Question 4

Age range for patient with ALL/CLL/AML/CML

Answer 4

ALL: child,
CLL: adults > 60,
AML: adult ~ 65,
CML: 45 - 85

Question 5

Alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon

Answer 5

Skip lesions (Crohn disease)

Question 6

Aortic aneurysm, abdominal

Answer 6

Atherosclerosis

Question 7

Aortic aneurysm, ascending or arch

Answer 7

3 syphilis (syphilitic aortitis), vasa vasorum destruction

Question 8

Aortic aneurysm, thoracic

Answer 8

Marfan syndrome (idiopathic cystic medial degeneration)

Question 9

Aortic dissection

Answer 9

Hypertension

Question 10

Atrophy of the mammillary bodies

Answer 10

Wernicke encephalopathy (thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, and confusion)

Question 11

Autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage)

Answer 11

Sickle cell disease (hemoglobin S)

Question 12

Bacteria associated with gastric, peptic ulcer disease, and gastric malignancies (adenocarcinoma, MALToma)

Answer 12

H. pylori

Question 13

Bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly)

Answer 13

S. pneumoniae

Question 14

Bacterial meningitis (newborns and kids)

Answer 14

Group B streptococcus/E. coli (newborns), S. pneumoniae/N meningitidis (kids/teens)

Question 15

Bilateral ovarian metastases from gastric carcinoma

Answer 15

Krukenberg tumor (mucin-secreting signet ring cells)

Question 16

Bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency

Answer 16

Bernard-Soulier syndrome (defect in platelet adhesion to von Willebrand factor)

Question 17

Brian tumor (adults)

Answer 17

Supratentorial: metastasis, astrocytoma (including glioblastoma multiforme), meningioma, schwannoma

Question 18

Brain tumor (kids)

Answer 18

Infratentorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum) or supratentorial: craniopharyngioma

Question 19

Breast cancer

Answer 19

Invasive ductal carcinoma

Question 20

Breast mass

Answer 20

Fibrocystic change, carcinoma (in postmenopausal women)

Question 21

Breast tumor (benign, young woman)

Answer 21

Fibroadenoma

Question 22

Cardiac primary tumor (kids)

Answer 22

Rhabdomyoma, often seen in tuberous sclerosis

Question 23

Cardiac manifestation of lupus

Answer 23

Marantic/thrombotic endocarditis (nonbacterial)

Question 24

Cardiac tumor (adults)

Answer 24

Metastasis, myxoma (90% in left atrium; “ball and valve”)

Question 25

Cerebellar tonsillar herniation

Answer 25

Chiari II malformation

Question 26

Chronic arrhythmia

Answer 26

Atrial fibrillation (associated with high risk of emboli)

Question 27

Chronic strophic gastritis (autoimmune)

Answer 27

Predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause pernicious anemia)

Question 28

Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina

Answer 28

DES exposure in utero

Question 29

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension

Answer 29

21-hydroxylase deficiency

Question 30

Congenital cardiac anomaly

Answer 30

VSD

Question 31

Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)

Answer 31

Dubin-Johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile)

Question 32

Constrictive pericarditis

Answer 32

TB (developing world); idiopathic, viral illness (developed world)

Question 33

Coronary artery involved in thrombosis

Answer 33

LAD > RCA > circumflex

Question 34

Cretinism

Answer 34

Iodine deficit/congenital hypothyroidism

Question 35

Cushing syndrome

Answer 35

Iatrogenic (from corticosteroid therapy) Adrenocortical adenoma (secretes excess cortisol) ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma (Cushing disease) Paraneoplastic (due to ACTH secretion by tumors)

Question 36

Cyanosis (early; less common)

Answer 36

Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus

Question 37

Death in CML

Answer 37

Blast crisis

Question 38

Death in SLE

Answer 38

Lupus nephropathy

Question 39

Dementia

Answer 39

Alzheimer's disease, multiple infarcts (vascular dementia)

Question 40

Demyelinating disease in young women

Answer 40

Multiple sclerosis

Question 41

DIC

Answer 41

Severe sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burns, trauma, major surgery, acute pancreatitis, APL

Question 42

Diverticulum in pharynx

Answer 42

Zenker diverticulum (diagnosed by barium swallow)

Question 43

Ejection click

Answer 43

Aortic stenosis

Question 44

Esophageal cancer

Answer 44

Squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide); adenocarcinoma (US)

Question 45

Food poisoning (exotoxin mediated)

Answer 45

S. aureus, B. cereus

Question 46

Gastric cancer

Answer 46

Adenocarcinoma

Question 47

Glomerulonephritis (adults)

Answer 47

Berger disease (IgA nephropathy)

Question 48

Gynecologic malignancy

Answer 48

Endometrial carcinoma (most common in US); cervical carcinoma (most common worldwide)

Question 49

Heart murmur, congenital

Answer 49

Mitral valve prolapse

Question 50

Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis

Answer 50

Mitral > aortic (rheumatic fever), tricuspid (IV drug abuse)

Question 51

Helminth infection (US)

Answer 51

Enterobius vermicularis, Ascaris lumbricoides

Question 52

Hematoma - epidural

Answer 52

Rupture of middle meningeal artery (trauma; lentiform shaped)

Question 53

Hematoma - subdural

Answer 53

Rupture of bridging veins (crescent shaped)

Question 54

Hemochromatosis

Answer 54

Multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation (can result in heart in heart failure, "bronze diabetes," and increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma)

Question 55

Hepatocellular carcinoma

Answer 55

Cirrhotic liver (associated with hepatitis B and C and with alcoholism)

Question 56

Hereditary bleeding disorder

Answer 56

von Willebrand disease

Question 57

Hereditary harmless jaundice

Answer 57

Gilbert syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)

Question 58

HLA-B27

Answer 58

Psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, IBD-associated arthritis, reactive arthritis (formerly Reiter syndrome)

Question 59

HLA-DR3

Answer 59

Diabetes mellitus type 1, SLE, Graves disease, Hashimoto thyroiditis, Addison disease

Question 60

HLA-DR4

Answer 60

Diabetes mellitus type 1, rheumatoid arthritis, Addison disease

Question 61

Holosystolic murmur

Answer 61

VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation

Question 62

Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis

Answer 62

Virchow triad (increase risk of thrombosis)

Question 63

Hypertension, secondary

Answer 63

Renal artery stenosis, chronic kidney disease (polycystic kidney disease, diabetic nephropathy), hyperaldosteronism

Question 64

Hypoparathyroidism

Answer 64

Accidental excision during thyroidectomy

Question 65

Hypopituitarism

Answer 65

Pituitary adenoma (usually benign tumor)

Question 66

Infection secondary to blood transfusion

Answer 66

Hepatitis C

Question 67

Infections in chronic granulomatous disease

Answer 67

S aureus, E. coli. Aspergillus (catalase +)