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Rapid Review > Key Associations > Flashcards

Key Associations Flashcards

1
Q

Mitochondrial inheritance

A

Disease occurs in both males and females; inherited through females only

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2
Q

Intellectual disability

A

Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome

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3
Q

Vitamin deficiency (USA)

A

Folate pregnancy

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4
Q

Lysosomal storage disease

A

Gaucher

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5
Q

Food poisoning (exotoxin)

A

S. aureus

B. cereus

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6
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

S aureus

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7
Q

Bacterial meningitis (newborns and kids)

A

GBS, E. coli, Listeria monocytogenes (newborns)

S. pneumo & N. meningitidis (kids, teens)

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8
Q

Bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly)

A

S pneumo

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9
Q

Bacteria associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and gastric malignancies (eg: adenocarcinoma, MALToma)

A

H pylori

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10
Q

Opportunistic infection in AIDS

A

Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia

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11
Q

Helminth infection (US)

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

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12
Q

Myocarditis

A

Coxsackie B

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13
Q

Infection secondary to blood transfusion

A

Hepatitis C

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14
Q

Osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease

A

Salmonella

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15
Q

Osteomyelitis with IV drug use

A

Pseudomonas
Candida
S aureus

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16
Q

UTI

A 
E coli
S saprophyticus (young women)
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17
Q

STD

A

C trachomatis (usually coinfected with N gonorrhoeae)

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18
Q

Nosocomial pneumonia

A

S aureus
Pseudomonas
Gm- enterics

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19
Q

Pelvic inflammatory disease

A

C trach

N gonorrhoeae

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20
Q

Infections in chronic granulomatous disease

A

S aureus
E coli
Aspergillus (cat+)

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21
Q

Metastases to bone

A

Prostate, breast > lung, thyroid, kidney

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22
Q

Metastases to brain

A

Lung > breast > prostate > melanoma > GI

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23
Q

Metastases to liver

A

Colon&raquo_space; stomach > pancreas

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24
Q

S3 heart sound

A

Mitral regurg
HF
Dilated ventricles
(increased ventricular filling pressure)

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25
Q

S4 heart sound

A

Aortic stenosis
Restrictive cardiomyopathy
(stiff/hypertrophic ventricle)

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26
Q

Constrictive pericarditis

A

Developing world: TB

Developed world: Idiopathic, Viral

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27
Q

Holosystolic murmur

A

VSD
Tricuspid regurgitation
Mitral regurgitation

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28
Q

Ejection click

A

Aortic stenosis

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29
Q

Mitral valve stenosis

A

Rheumatic heart disease

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30
Q

Opening snap

A

Mitral stenosis

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31
Q

Congenital heart murmur

A

Mitral valve prolapse

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32
Q

Chronic arrhythmia

A

Afib

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33
Q

Cyanosis (early; less common)

A
  1. Tetralogy of Fallot
  2. Transposition of Great Vessels
  3. Truncus Arteriosus
  4. Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return
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34
Q

Late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected L->R becomes R->L)

A

Eisenmenger syndrome

  • ASD
  • VSD
  • PDA
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35
Q

Congenital cardiac anomaly

A

VSD

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36
Q

Secondary HTN

A

Renal artery stenosis

CKD

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37
Q

Thoracic aortic aneurysm

A

Marfan syndrome

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38
Q

Aortic dissection

A

HTN

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39
Q

Abdominal aortic aneurysm

A

Atherosclerosis, smoking is a large risk factor

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40
Q

Ascending aorta or arch aneurysm

A

Tertiary syphilis

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41
Q

Sites of atherosclerosis

A

Abdominal aorta > coronary artery > popliteal artery > carotid artery

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42
Q

Cardiac manifestation of lupus

A

Marantic/thrombotic endocarditis (bacterial)

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43
Q

Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis

A

Mitral > aortic (rheumatic fever) > tricuspid (IV drug abuse)

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44
Q

Endocarditis presentation associated with bacteria

A
  1. S aureus: acute, IVDA, tricuspid valve
  2. S viridans: subacute, dental procedure
  3. S bovis: colon cancer
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45
Q

Temporal arteritis

A

Risk of ipsilateral blindness due to occlusion of opthalmic artery; polymyalgia rheumatica

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46
Q

Recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vessels in extremities

A

Buerger disease (strongly associated with tobacco)

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47
Q

Primary cardiac tumor- kids

A

Rhabdomyoma, often seen in tuberous sclerosis

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48
Q

Cardiac tumor- adults

A

Metastasis, myxoma (L atrium, ball valve)

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49
Q

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension

A

21-hydroxylase deficiency

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50
Q

Cushing syndrome

A
  1. Iatrogenic (corticosteroids)
  2. Adrenocortical adenoma (secretes excess cortisol)
  3. ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma (Cushing’s disease)
  4. Paraneoplastic due to ACTH secretion by tumors
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51
Q

Tumor of the adrenal medulla (kids)

A

Neuroblastoma (malignant)

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52
Q

Tumor of the adrenal medulla (adults)

A

Pheochromocytoma (usually benign)

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53
Q

Cretinism

A

Iodine deficit/congenital hypothyroidism

54
Q

HLA-DR3

A
  1. DM1
  2. SLE
  3. Graves
  4. Hashimoto
  5. Addison’s
55
Q

Thyroid cancer

A

Papillary carcinoma (childhood irradiation)

56
Q

Hypoparathyroidism

A

Accidental excision during thyroidectomy

57
Q

Primary hyperparathyroidism

A

Adenomas, hyperplasia, carcinoma

58
Q

Secondary hyperparathyroidism

A

Hypocalcemia of CKD

59
Q

Hypopituitarism

A

Pituitary adenoma (usually benign)

60
Q

HLA-DR4

A
  1. DM1
  2. Addison’s
  3. RA
61
Q

Refractory peptic ulcers and high gastrin levels

A

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenum or pancreas) associated with MEN1

“Ben works with celebrities like Renee Zollinger and he thinks he has this”

62
Q

Esophageal cancer

A

Worldwide: Squamous cell carcinoma
US: Adenocarcinoma

63
Q

Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury

A

Cushing ulcer (increased intracranial pressure stimulates vagal gastric H+ secretion)

64
Q

Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns

A

Curling ulcer (greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa)

65
Q

Bilateral ovarian metastases from gastric carcinoma

A

Krukenberg tumor (mucin-secreting signet ring cells)

66
Q

Chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)

A

Predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause pernicious anemia)

67
Q

Gastric cancer

A

Adenocarcinoma

68
Q

Alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon

A

Skip lesions (Crohn’s disease)

69
Q

Diverticulum in pharynx

A

Zencker diverticulum

70
Q

Site of diverticula

A

Sigmoid colon

71
Q

Hepatocellular carcinoma

A

Cirrhotic liver (associated with Hepatitis B & C), alcoholism, and hemochromatosis

72
Q

Liver disease

A

Alcoholic cirrhosis

73
Q

Primary liver cancer

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, a1-antitrypsin deficiency, Wilson’s disease)

74
Q

Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)

A

Dubin-Johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile)

75
Q

Hereditary harmless jaundice

A

Gilbert’s syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)

76
Q

Hemochromatosis

A

Multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation (can results in HF, bronze diabetes, and elevated risk of hepatocellular carcinoma)

77
Q

Acute pancreatitis

A

Gallstones, alcohol

78
Q

Chronic pancreatitis

A

Alcohol, CF

79
Q

Autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage)

A

Sickle cell disease (HbS)

80
Q

Microcytic anemia

A

Iron deficiency

81
Q

Bleeding disorder with Gp1b deficiency

A

Bernard Soulier syndrome (defect in platelet adhesion to von Willebrand factor)

82
Q

Hereditary bleeding disorder

A

Von Willebrand disease

83
Q

DIC

A

Severe sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burns, trauma, major surgery, acute pancreatitis, APL

84
Q

Malignancy associated with noninfectious fever

A

Hodgkin lymphoma

85
Q

Type of Hodgkin lymphoma

A

Nodular sclerosing

86
Q

t(14;18)

A

Follicular lymphomas (BCL-2 activation, anti-apoptotic oncogene)

87
Q

t(8;14)

A

Burkitt lymphoma (c-myc fusion, transcription factor oncogene)

88
Q

Type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma

A

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

89
Q

Primary bone tumor (adults)

A

Multiple myeloma

90
Q

Age ranges for patient with ALL/CLL/AML/CML

A

ALL: child
CLL: adult > 60
AML: adult ~ 65
CML: adult 45-85

91
Q

Malignancy (kids)

A

Leukemia, brain tumors

92
Q

Death in CML

A

Blast crisis

93
Q

t(9;22)

A

Philadelphia chromosome

CML (BCR-ABL)

94
Q

Vertebral compression fracture

A

Osteoporosis

  • Type 1: postmenopausal woman
  • Type 2: elderly man or woman
95
Q

HLA-B27

A 
"A PAIR of 27 B's"
Psoriatic arthritis
Ankylosing spondylitis
IBD-associated arthritis
Reactive arthritis (formerly Reiter syndrome)
96
Q

Death in SLE

A

Lupus nephropathy

97
Q

Tumor of infancy

A

Strawberry hemangioma (regresses spontaneously by childhood)

98
Q

Actinic keratosis (solar)

A

Precursor to squamous cell carcinoma

99
Q

Cerebellar tonsillar herniation

A

Chiari I malformation

100
Q

Atrophy of the mammillary bodies

A

Wernicke encephalopathy (thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, opthalmoplegia, and confusion)

101
Q

Viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe

A

HSV-1

102
Q

Hematoma- epidural

A

Rupture of middle meningeal artery (trauma; lentiform shaped)

103
Q

Hematoma- subdural

A

Rupture of bridging veins (crescent shaped)

104
Q

Dementia

A

Alzheimer disease, multiple infarcts (vascular dementia)

105
Q

Demyelinating disease in young women

A

MS

106
Q

Brain tumor (adults)

A

Supratentorial: metastasis, astrocytoma, meningioma, schwannoma

107
Q

Brain tumor (kids)

A

Infratentorial: medullablastoma
Supratentorial: craniopharyngioma

108
Q

Mixed UMN and LMN disease

A

ALS

109
Q

Primary hyperaldosteronism

A

Adrenal hyperplasia or adenoma

110
Q

Nephrotic syndrome (adults)

A

Membranous nephropathy

111
Q

Nephrotic syndrome (kids)

A

Minimal change disease

112
Q

Glomerulonephritis (adults)

A

Berger disease (IgA nephropathy)

113
Q

Kidney stones

A

Calcium=radiopaque
Struvite=radiopaque (urease positive; ammonium)
Uric acid=radiolucent
Cystine=faintly radiopaque

114
Q

Obstruction of male urinary tract

A

BPH

115
Q

Renal tumor

A

Renal cell carcinoma: associated with von Hippel-Lindau and cigarette smoking; paraneoplastic syndromes

  • EPO
  • Renin
  • ACTH
  • PTHrP
116
Q

Primary amenorrhea

A

Turner’s

117
Q

Neuron migration failure

A

Kallman’s

118
Q

Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina

A

DES exposure in utero

119
Q

Ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral)

A

Serous cystadenoma

120
Q

Ovarian tumor (malignant)

A

Serous cystadenocarcinoma

121
Q

Tumor in women

A

Leoiomyoma (estrogen dependent; not precancerous)

122
Q

Gynecologic malignancy

A 
Endometrial carcinoma (most common in US)
Cervical carcinoma (most common worldwide)
123
Q

Breast mass

A

Fibrocystic change, carcinoma in postmenopausal women

124
Q

Breast tumor benign young woman

A

Fibroadenoma

125
Q

Breast cancer

A

Invasive ductal carcinoma

126
Q

Testicular tumor

A

Seminoma (malignant, radiosensitive, increased ALP)

127
Q

RHF due to a pulmonary cause

A

Cor pulmonale

128
Q

Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis

A

Virchow triad (increased risk of thrombosis)

129
Q

Pulmonary HTN

A

Idiopathic, heritable, LHF, COPD, hypoxemic vasoconstriction, PE

130
Q

SIADH

A

Small cell carcinoma of the lung

Rapid Review (6 decks)

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