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Key Associations Flashcards

(130 cards)

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1
Q

Mitochondrial inheritance

A

Disease occurs in both males and females; inherited through females only

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2
Q

Intellectual disability

A

Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome

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3
Q

Vitamin deficiency (USA)

A

Folate pregnancy

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4
Q

Lysosomal storage disease

A

Gaucher

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5
Q

Food poisoning (exotoxin)

A

S. aureus

B. cereus

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6
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

S aureus

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7
Q

Bacterial meningitis (newborns and kids)

A

GBS, E. coli, Listeria monocytogenes (newborns)

S. pneumo & N. meningitidis (kids, teens)

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8
Q

Bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly)

A

S pneumo

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9
Q

Bacteria associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and gastric malignancies (eg: adenocarcinoma, MALToma)

A

H pylori

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10
Q

Opportunistic infection in AIDS

A

Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia

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11
Q

Helminth infection (US)

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

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12
Q

Myocarditis

A

Coxsackie B

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13
Q

Infection secondary to blood transfusion

A

Hepatitis C

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14
Q

Osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease

A

Salmonella

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15
Q

Osteomyelitis with IV drug use

A

Pseudomonas
Candida
S aureus

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16
Q

UTI

A 
E coli
S saprophyticus (young women)
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17
Q

STD

A

C trachomatis (usually coinfected with N gonorrhoeae)

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18
Q

Nosocomial pneumonia

A

S aureus
Pseudomonas
Gm- enterics

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19
Q

Pelvic inflammatory disease

A

C trach

N gonorrhoeae

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20
Q

Infections in chronic granulomatous disease

A

S aureus
E coli
Aspergillus (cat+)

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21
Q

Metastases to bone

A

Prostate, breast > lung, thyroid, kidney

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22
Q

Metastases to brain

A

Lung > breast > prostate > melanoma > GI

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23
Q

Metastases to liver

A

Colon&raquo_space; stomach > pancreas

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24
Q

S3 heart sound

A

Mitral regurg
HF
Dilated ventricles
(increased ventricular filling pressure)

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25
S4 heart sound
Aortic stenosis Restrictive cardiomyopathy (stiff/hypertrophic ventricle)
26
Constrictive pericarditis
Developing world: TB | Developed world: Idiopathic, Viral
27
Holosystolic murmur
VSD Tricuspid regurgitation Mitral regurgitation
28
Ejection click
Aortic stenosis
29
Mitral valve stenosis
Rheumatic heart disease
30
Opening snap
Mitral stenosis
31
Congenital heart murmur
Mitral valve prolapse
32
Chronic arrhythmia
Afib
33
Cyanosis (early; less common)
1. Tetralogy of Fallot 2. Transposition of Great Vessels 3. Truncus Arteriosus 4. Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return
34
Late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected L->R becomes R->L)
Eisenmenger syndrome - ASD - VSD - PDA
35
Congenital cardiac anomaly
VSD
36
Secondary HTN
Renal artery stenosis | CKD
37
Thoracic aortic aneurysm
Marfan syndrome
38
Aortic dissection
HTN
39
Abdominal aortic aneurysm
Atherosclerosis, smoking is a large risk factor
40
Ascending aorta or arch aneurysm
Tertiary syphilis
41
Sites of atherosclerosis
Abdominal aorta > coronary artery > popliteal artery > carotid artery
42
Cardiac manifestation of lupus
Marantic/thrombotic endocarditis (bacterial)
43
Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis
Mitral > aortic (rheumatic fever) > tricuspid (IV drug abuse)
44
Endocarditis presentation associated with bacteria
1. S aureus: acute, IVDA, tricuspid valve 2. S viridans: subacute, dental procedure 3. S bovis: colon cancer
45
Temporal arteritis
Risk of ipsilateral blindness due to occlusion of opthalmic artery; polymyalgia rheumatica
46
Recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vessels in extremities
Buerger disease (strongly associated with tobacco)
47
Primary cardiac tumor- kids
Rhabdomyoma, often seen in tuberous sclerosis
48
Cardiac tumor- adults
Metastasis, myxoma (L atrium, ball valve)
49
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension
21-hydroxylase deficiency
50
Cushing syndrome
1. Iatrogenic (corticosteroids) 2. Adrenocortical adenoma (secretes excess cortisol) 3. ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma (Cushing's disease) 4. Paraneoplastic due to ACTH secretion by tumors
51
Tumor of the adrenal medulla (kids)
Neuroblastoma (malignant)
52
Tumor of the adrenal medulla (adults)
Pheochromocytoma (usually benign)
53
Cretinism
Iodine deficit/congenital hypothyroidism
54
HLA-DR3
1. DM1 2. SLE 3. Graves 4. Hashimoto 5. Addison's
55
Thyroid cancer
Papillary carcinoma (childhood irradiation)
56
Hypoparathyroidism
Accidental excision during thyroidectomy
57
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Adenomas, hyperplasia, carcinoma
58
Secondary hyperparathyroidism
Hypocalcemia of CKD
59
Hypopituitarism
Pituitary adenoma (usually benign)
60
HLA-DR4
1. DM1 2. Addison's 3. RA
61
Refractory peptic ulcers and high gastrin levels
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenum or pancreas) associated with MEN1 "Ben works with celebrities like Renee Zollinger and he thinks he has this"
62
Esophageal cancer
Worldwide: Squamous cell carcinoma US: Adenocarcinoma
63
Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury
Cushing ulcer (increased intracranial pressure stimulates vagal gastric H+ secretion)
64
Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns
Curling ulcer (greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa)
65
Bilateral ovarian metastases from gastric carcinoma
Krukenberg tumor (mucin-secreting signet ring cells)
66
Chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)
Predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause pernicious anemia)
67
Gastric cancer
Adenocarcinoma
68
Alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon
Skip lesions (Crohn's disease)
69
Diverticulum in pharynx
Zencker diverticulum
70
Site of diverticula
Sigmoid colon
71
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Cirrhotic liver (associated with Hepatitis B & C), alcoholism, and hemochromatosis
72
Liver disease
Alcoholic cirrhosis
73
Primary liver cancer
Hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, a1-antitrypsin deficiency, Wilson's disease)
74
Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)
Dubin-Johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile)
75
Hereditary harmless jaundice
Gilbert's syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)
76
Hemochromatosis
Multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation (can results in HF, bronze diabetes, and elevated risk of hepatocellular carcinoma)
77
Acute pancreatitis
Gallstones, alcohol
78
Chronic pancreatitis
Alcohol, CF
79
Autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage)
Sickle cell disease (HbS)
80
Microcytic anemia
Iron deficiency
81
Bleeding disorder with Gp1b deficiency
Bernard Soulier syndrome (defect in platelet adhesion to von Willebrand factor)
82
Hereditary bleeding disorder
Von Willebrand disease
83
DIC
Severe sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burns, trauma, major surgery, acute pancreatitis, APL
84
Malignancy associated with noninfectious fever
Hodgkin lymphoma
85
Type of Hodgkin lymphoma
Nodular sclerosing
86
t(14;18)
Follicular lymphomas (BCL-2 activation, anti-apoptotic oncogene)
87
t(8;14)
Burkitt lymphoma (c-myc fusion, transcription factor oncogene)
88
Type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
89
Primary bone tumor (adults)
Multiple myeloma
90
Age ranges for patient with ALL/CLL/AML/CML
ALL: child CLL: adult > 60 AML: adult ~ 65 CML: adult 45-85
91
Malignancy (kids)
Leukemia, brain tumors
92
Death in CML
Blast crisis
93
t(9;22)
Philadelphia chromosome | CML (BCR-ABL)
94
Vertebral compression fracture
Osteoporosis - Type 1: postmenopausal woman - Type 2: elderly man or woman
95
HLA-B27
``` "A PAIR of 27 B's" Psoriatic arthritis Ankylosing spondylitis IBD-associated arthritis Reactive arthritis (formerly Reiter syndrome) ```
96
Death in SLE
Lupus nephropathy
97
Tumor of infancy
Strawberry hemangioma (regresses spontaneously by childhood)
98
Actinic keratosis (solar)
Precursor to squamous cell carcinoma
99
Cerebellar tonsillar herniation
Chiari I malformation
100
Atrophy of the mammillary bodies
Wernicke encephalopathy (thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, opthalmoplegia, and confusion)
101
Viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe
HSV-1
102
Hematoma- epidural
Rupture of middle meningeal artery (trauma; lentiform shaped)
103
Hematoma- subdural
Rupture of bridging veins (crescent shaped)
104
Dementia
Alzheimer disease, multiple infarcts (vascular dementia)
105
Demyelinating disease in young women
MS
106
Brain tumor (adults)
Supratentorial: metastasis, astrocytoma, meningioma, schwannoma
107
Brain tumor (kids)
Infratentorial: medullablastoma Supratentorial: craniopharyngioma
108
Mixed UMN and LMN disease
ALS
109
Primary hyperaldosteronism
Adrenal hyperplasia or adenoma
110
Nephrotic syndrome (adults)
Membranous nephropathy
111
Nephrotic syndrome (kids)
Minimal change disease
112
Glomerulonephritis (adults)
Berger disease (IgA nephropathy)
113
Kidney stones
Calcium=radiopaque Struvite=radiopaque (urease positive; ammonium) Uric acid=radiolucent Cystine=faintly radiopaque
114
Obstruction of male urinary tract
BPH
115
Renal tumor
Renal cell carcinoma: associated with von Hippel-Lindau and cigarette smoking; paraneoplastic syndromes - EPO - Renin - ACTH - PTHrP
116
Primary amenorrhea
Turner's
117
Neuron migration failure
Kallman's
118
Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina
DES exposure in utero
119
Ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral)
Serous cystadenoma
120
Ovarian tumor (malignant)
Serous cystadenocarcinoma
121
Tumor in women
Leoiomyoma (estrogen dependent; not precancerous)
122
Gynecologic malignancy
``` Endometrial carcinoma (most common in US) Cervical carcinoma (most common worldwide) ```
123
Breast mass
Fibrocystic change, carcinoma in postmenopausal women
124
Breast tumor benign young woman
Fibroadenoma
125
Breast cancer
Invasive ductal carcinoma
126
Testicular tumor
Seminoma (malignant, radiosensitive, increased ALP)
127
RHF due to a pulmonary cause
Cor pulmonale
128
Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis
Virchow triad (increased risk of thrombosis)
129
Pulmonary HTN
Idiopathic, heritable, LHF, COPD, hypoxemic vasoconstriction, PE
130
SIADH
Small cell carcinoma of the lung

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