Key Associations Flashcards
(235 cards)
1
Q
Actinic (solar) keratosis
A
Precursor to squamous cell carcinoma
2
Q
Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury
A
Cushing’s ulcer (+ICP stimulates vagal gastric secretion)
3
Q
Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns
A
Curling’s ulcer (greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa)
4
Q
Alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon
A
Skip lesions (Crohn’s disease)
5
Q
Dissecting aneurysm
A
Hypertension
6
Q
Aortic aneurysm, abdominal and descending aorta
A
Atherosclerosis
7
Q
Aortic aneurysm, arch
A
Tertiary syphilis (syphilitic aortitis), vasa vasorum destruction
8
Q
Aortic aneurysm, ascending
A
Marfan’s syndrome (idiopathic cystic medial degeneration)
9
Q
Atrophy of the mammillary bodies
A
Wernicke’s encephalopathy (thiamine - B1 - deficiency causing ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, and confusion)
10
Q
Autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage)
A
Sickle cell anemia (hemoglobin S)
11
Q
Bacteria associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and stomach cancer
A
H. pylori
12
Q
Bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly)
A
Streptococcus pneumoniae
13
Q
Bacterial meningitis (newborns)
A
Group B streptococcus
14
Q
Bacterial meningitis (kids)
A
Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis
15
Q
Benign melanocytic nevus
A
Spitz nevus (most common in first two decades)
16
Q
Bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency
A
Bernard-Soulier syndrome (defect in platelet adhesion to Von Willebrand’s factor)
17
Q
Brain tumor (adults)
A
Supratentorial: metastasis > astrocytoma (including glioblastoma multiforme) > meningioma > schwannoma
18
Q
Brain tumor (kids)
A
Infratentorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum) or supratentorial: craniopharyngioma (cerebrum)
19
Q
Breast cancer
A
Infiltrating ducal carcinoma (in US 1 in 9 women will develop breast cancer)
20
Q
Breast mass
A
Fibrocystic change, carcinoma (in postmenopausal women)
21
Q
Breast tumor (benign)
A
Fibroadenoma
22
Q
Cardiac primary tumor (kids)
A
Rhabdomyoma, often seen in tuberous sclerosis
23
Q
Cardiac manifestation of lupus
A
Libman-Sacks endocarditis (nonbacterial, affecting both sides of mitral valve)
24
Q
Cardiac tumor (adults)
A
Metastasis, primary myxoma (4:1 left to right atrium; “ball and valve”)
25
Cerebellar tonsillar herniation
Chiari malformation (often presents with progressive hydrocephalus or syringomyelia)
26
Chronic arrhythmia
Atrial fibrillation (associated with high risk of emboli)
27
Chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)
Predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause pernicious anemia)
28
Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina
DES exposure in utero
29
Compression fracture
Osteoporosis (type I: postmenopausal women, type II: elderly man or woman)
30
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension
21-hydroxylase deficiency
31
Congenital cardiac anomaly
VSD
32
Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)
Dubin-Johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile)
33
Constrictive pericarditis
Tuberculosis (developing world); systemic lupus erythematous (developed world)
34
Coronary artery involved in thrombosis
LAD > RCA > LCA
35
Cretinism
Iodine deficiency / hypothyroidism
36
Cushing's syndrome
Iatrogenic Cushing's (corticosteroid therapy)
Adrenocortical adenoma (secretes cortisol)
ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma
Paraneoplastic Cushing's (ACTH secretion by tumors)
37
Cyanosis (early; less common)
Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus
38
Cyanosis (late; more common)
VSD, ASD, PDA
39
Death in CML
Blast crisis
40
Death in SLE
Lupus nephropathy
41
Dementia
Alzheimer's disease, multiple infarcts
42
Demyelinating disease in young women
Multiple sclerosis
43
DIC
Severe sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burns, trauma, major surgery
44
Dietary deficit
Iron
45
Diverticulum in pharynx, diagnosed by?
Zenker's diverticulum (diagnosed by barium swallow)
46
Ejection click
Aortic/pulmonic stenosis
47
Esophageal cancer
Squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide)
| Adenocarcinoma (US)
48
Food poisoning (endotoxin mediated)
S. aureus, B. cereus
49
Glomerulonephritis (adults)
Berger's disease (IgA nephropathy)
50
Gynecologic malignancy
```
Endometrial carcinoma (MC in US)
Cervical carcinoma (MC worldwide)
```
51
Heart murmur, congenital
Mitral valve prolapse
52
Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis
Mitral > aortic (rheumatic fever)
| Tricuspid (IV drug abuse)
53
Helminth infection (US)
Enterobius vermicularis
| Ascaris lumbricoides
54
Hematoma - epidural
Rupture of middle meningeal artery (trauma, lentiform shaped)
55
Hematoma - subdural
Rupture of bridging veins (crescent shaped)
56
Hemochromatosis
Multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation (can result in CHF, "bronze diabetes," and increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma
57
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Cirrhotic liver (associated with hepatitis B and C and with alcoholism)
58
Hereditary bleeding disorder
von Willebrand's disease
59
Hereditary harmless jaundice
Gilbert's syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)
60
HLA-B27
Ankylosing spondylitis
Reiter's syndrome
Ulcerative colitis
Psoriasis
61
HLA-DR3 or DR4
Diabetes mellitus type 1
Rheumatoid arthritis
SLE
62
Holosystolic murmur
VSD
| Triscuspid/mitral regurgitation
63
Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis
Virchow's triad (results in venous thrombosis)
64
Hypertension, secondary
Renal disease
65
Hypoparathyroidism
Accidental excision during thyroidectomy
66
Hypopituitarism
Pituitary adenoma (usually benign tumor)
67
Infection secondary to blood transfusion
Hepatitis C
68
Infections in chronic granulomatous disease
Staph aureus
E. coli
Aspergillus (catalase positive)
69
Kidney stones (content/appearance)
Calcium = radiopaque
Struvite (ammonium) = radiopaque (formed by urease-positive organisms such as Proteus vulgaris or Staph)
Uric acid = radiolucent
70
Late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected left to right becomes right to left)
Eisenmenger's syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA; results in pulmonary HTN/polycythemia)
71
Liver disease
Alcoholic cirrhosis
72
Lysosomal storage disease
Gaucher's disease
73
Male cancer
Prostatic carcinoma
74
Malignancy associated with noninfectious fever
Hodgkin's lymphoma
75
Malignancy (kids)
ALL, Medulloblastoma (cerebellum)
76
Mental retardation
Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome
77
Metastases to bone
Prostate, breast > lung > thyroid, testes
78
Metastases to brain
Lung > breast > GU > osteosarcoma > melanoma > GI
79
Metastases to liver
Colon >> stomach, pancreas
80
Mitochondrial inheritance
Disease occurs in both males and females, inherited through females only
81
Mitral valve stenosis
Rheumatic heart disease
82
Mixed (UMN and LMN) motor neuron disease
ALS
83
Myocarditis
Coxsackie B
84
Nephrotic syndrome (adults)
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
85
Nephrotic syndrome (kids)
Minimal change disease
86
Neuron migration failure
Kallmann syndrome (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia)
87
Nosocomial pneumonia
Klebsiella
E. coli
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
88
Obstruction of male urinary tract
BPH
89
Opening snap
Mitral stenosis
90
Opportunistic infection in AIDS
Pneumocystis jirovecii (formerly carinii) pneumonia
91
Osteomyelitis
S. aureus
92
Osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease
Salmonella
93
Osteomyelitis with IV drug use
Pseudomonas, S. aureus
94
Ovarian metastasis from gastric carcinoma or breast cancer
Krukenberg tumor (mucin-secreting signet-ring cells)
95
Ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral)
Serous cystadenoma
96
Ovarian tumor (malignant)
Serous cystadenocarcinoma
97
Pancreatitis (acute)
Gallstones, alcohol
98
Pancreatitis (chronic)
Alcohol (adults), cystic fibrosis (kids)
99
Patient with ALL/CLL/AML/CML - age
ALL: child
CLL: adult >60
AML: adult ~65
CML: adult 30-60
100
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae
101
Philadelphia chromosome t(9;22) (bcr-abl)
CML (may sometimes be associated with ALL/AML)
102
Pituitary tumor
Prolactinoma, somatotropic "acidophilic" adenoma
103
Primary amenorrhea
Turner syndrome (45,XO)
104
Primary bone tumor (adults)
Multiple myeloma
105
Primary hyperaldosteronism
Adenoma of adrenal cortex
106
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Adenomas, hyperplasia, carcinoma
107
Primary liver cancer
Hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, alpha1 antitrypsin deficiency)
108
Pulmonary hypertension
COPD
109
Recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vessels in extremities
Buerger's disease (strongly associated with tobacco)
110
Renal tumor
Renal cell carcinoma: associated with von Hippel-Lindau and cigarette smoking; paraneoplastic syndromes (EPO, renin, PTH, ACTH)
111
Right heart failure due to a pulmonary cause
Cor pulmonale
112
S3 (protodiastolic gallop)
Increased ventricular filling (L to R shunt, mitral regurgitation, LV failure [CHF])
113
S4 (presystolic gallop)
Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)
114
Secondary hyperparathyroidism
Hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease
115
Sexually transmitted disease
Chlamydia (usually coinfected with gonorrhea)
116
SIADH
Small cell carcinoma of the lung
117
Site of diverticula
Sigmoid colon
118
Sites of atherosclerosis
Abdominal aorta > coronary artery > popliteal artery > carotid artery
119
Stomach cancer
Adenocarcinoma
120
Stomach ulcerations and high gastrin levels
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenum or pancreas)
121
t(14;18)
Follicular lymphomas (bcl-2 activation)
122
t(8;14)
Burkitt's lymphoma (c-myc activation)
123
t(9;22)
Philadelphia chromosome, CML (bcr-abl fusion)
124
Temporal arteritis
Risk of ipsilateral blindness due to thrombosis of ophthalmic artery; polymyalgia rheumatica
125
Testicular tumor
Seminoma
126
Thyroid cancer
Papillary carcinoma
127
Tumor in women
Leiomyoma (estrogen dependent, not precancerous)
128
Tumor of infancy
Hemangioma (usually regresses spontaneously by childhood)
129
Tumor of the adrenal medulla (adults)
Pheochromocytoma (usually benign)
130
Tumor of the adrenal medulla (kids)
Neuroblastoma (malignant)
131
Type of Hodgkin's
Nodular sclerosis (vs. mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion)
132
Type of non-Hodgkin's
Diffuse large cell
133
UTI
E. coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus (young women)
134
Viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe
HSV-1
135
Vitamin deficiency (US)
Folate (pregnant women are at high risk; body stores only 3-4 month supply; prevents neural tube defects)
136
Cushing's syndrome
Iatrogenic Cushing's (corticosteroid therapy)
Adrenocortical adenoma (secretes cortisol)
ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma
Paraneoplastic Cushing's (ACTH secretion by tumors)
137
Cyanosis (early; less common)
Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus
138
Cyanosis (late; more common)
VSD, ASD, PDA
139
Death in CML
Blast crisis
140
Death in SLE
Lupus nephropathy
141
Dementia
Alzheimer's disease, multiple infarcts
142
Demyelinating disease in young women
Multiple sclerosis
143
DIC
Severe sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burns, trauma, major surgery
144
Dietary deficit
Iron
145
Diverticulum in pharynx, diagnosed by?
Zenker's diverticulum (diagnosed by barium swallow)
146
Ejection click
Aortic/pulmonic stenosis
147
Esophageal cancer
Squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide)
| Adenocarcinoma (US)
148
Food poisoning (endotoxin mediated)
S. aureus, B. cereus
149
Glomerulonephritis (adults)
Berger's disease (IgA nephropathy)
150
Gynecologic malignancy
```
Endometrial carcinoma (MC in US)
Cervical carcinoma (MC worldwide)
```
151
Heart murmur, congenital
Mitral valve prolapse
152
Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis
Mitral > aortic (rheumatic fever)
| Tricuspid (IV drug abuse)
153
Helminth infection (US)
Enterobius vermicularis
| Ascaris lumbricoides
154
Hematoma - epidural
Rupture of middle meningeal artery (trauma, lentiform shaped)
155
Hematoma - subdural
Rupture of bridging veins (crescent shaped)
156
Hemochromatosis
Multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation (can result in CHF, "bronze diabetes," and increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma
157
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Cirrhotic liver (associated with hepatitis B and C and with alcoholism)
158
Hereditary bleeding disorder
von Willebrand's disease
159
Hereditary harmless jaundice
Gilbert's syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)
160
HLA-B27
Ankylosing spondylitis
Reiter's syndrome
Ulcerative colitis
Psoriasis
161
HLA-DR3 or DR4
Diabetes mellitus type 1
Rheumatoid arthritis
SLE
162
Holosystolic murmur
VSD
| Triscuspid/mitral regurgitation
163
Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis
Virchow's triad (results in venous thrombosis)
164
Hypertension, secondary
Renal disease
165
Hypoparathyroidism
Accidental excision during thyroidectomy
166
Hypopituitarism
Pituitary adenoma (usually benign tumor)
167
Infection secondary to blood transfusion
Hepatitis C
168
Infections in chronic granulomatous disease
Staph aureus
E. coli
Aspergillus (catalase positive)
169
Kidney stones (content/appearance)
Calcium = radiopaque
Struvite (ammonium) = radiopaque (formed by urease-positive organisms such as Proteus vulgaris or Staph)
Uric acid = radiolucent
170
Late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected left to right becomes right to left)
Eisenmenger's syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA; results in pulmonary HTN/polycythemia)
171
Liver disease
Alcoholic cirrhosis
172
Lysosomal storage disease
Gaucher's disease
173
Male cancer
Prostatic carcinoma
174
Malignancy associated with noninfectious fever
Hodgkin's lymphoma
175
Malignancy (kids)
ALL, Medulloblastoma (cerebellum)
176
Mental retardation
Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome
177
Metastases to bone
Prostate, breast > lung > thyroid, testes
178
Metastases to brain
Lung > breast > GU > osteosarcoma > melanoma > GI
179
Metastases to liver
Colon >> stomach, pancreas
180
Mitochondrial inheritance
Disease occurs in both males and females, inherited through females only
181
Mitral valve stenosis
Rheumatic heart disease
182
Mixed (UMN and LMN) motor neuron disease
ALS
183
Myocarditis
Coxsackie B
184
Nephrotic syndrome (adults)
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
185
Nephrotic syndrome (kids)
Minimal change disease
186
Neuron migration failure
Kallmann syndrome (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia)
187
Nosocomial pneumonia
Klebsiella
E. coli
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
188
Obstruction of male urinary tract
BPH
189
Opening snap
Mitral stenosis
190
Opportunistic infection in AIDS
Pneumocystis jirovecii (formerly carinii) pneumonia
191
Osteomyelitis
S. aureus
192
Osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease
Salmonella
193
Osteomyelitis with IV drug use
Pseudomonas, S. aureus
194
Ovarian metastasis from gastric carcinoma or breast cancer
Krukenberg tumor (mucin-secreting signet-ring cells)
195
Ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral)
Serous cystadenoma
196
Ovarian tumor (malignant)
Serous cystadenocarcinoma
197
Pancreatitis (acute)
Gallstones, alcohol
198
Pancreatitis (chronic)
Alcohol (adults), cystic fibrosis (kids)
199
Patient with ALL/CLL/AML/CML - age
ALL: child
CLL: adult >60
AML: adult ~65
CML: adult 30-60
200
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae
201
Philadelphia chromosome t(9;22) (bcr-abl)
CML (may sometimes be associated with ALL/AML)
202
Pituitary tumor
Prolactinoma, somatotropic "acidophilic" adenoma
203
Primary amenorrhea
Turner syndrome (45,XO)
204
Primary bone tumor (adults)
Multiple myeloma
205
Primary hyperaldosteronism
Adenoma of adrenal cortex
206
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Adenomas, hyperplasia, carcinoma
207
Primary liver cancer
Hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, alpha1 antitrypsin deficiency)
208
Pulmonary hypertension
COPD
209
Recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vessels in extremities
Buerger's disease (strongly associated with tobacco)
210
Renal tumor
Renal cell carcinoma: associated with von Hippel-Lindau and cigarette smoking; paraneoplastic syndromes (EPO, renin, PTH, ACTH)
211
Right heart failure due to a pulmonary cause
Cor pulmonale
212
S3 (protodiastolic gallop)
Increased ventricular filling (L to R shunt, mitral regurgitation, LV failure [CHF])
213
S4 (presystolic gallop)
Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)
214
Secondary hyperparathyroidism
Hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease
215
Sexually transmitted disease
Chlamydia (usually coinfected with gonorrhea)
216
SIADH
Small cell carcinoma of the lung
217
Site of diverticula
Sigmoid colon
218
Sites of atherosclerosis
Abdominal aorta > coronary artery > popliteal artery > carotid artery
219
Stomach cancer
Adenocarcinoma
220
Stomach ulcerations and high gastrin levels
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenum or pancreas)
221
t(14;18)
Follicular lymphomas (bcl-2 activation)
222
t(8;14)
Burkitt's lymphoma (c-myc activation)
223
t(9;22)
Philadelphia chromosome, CML (bcr-abl fusion)
224
Temporal arteritis
Risk of ipsilateral blindness due to thrombosis of ophthalmic artery; polymyalgia rheumatica
225
Testicular tumor
Seminoma
226
Thyroid cancer
Papillary carcinoma
227
Tumor in women
Leiomyoma (estrogen dependent, not precancerous)
228
Tumor of infancy
Hemangioma (usually regresses spontaneously by childhood)
229
Tumor of the adrenal medulla (adults)
Pheochromocytoma (usually benign)
230
Tumor of the adrenal medulla (kids)
Neuroblastoma (malignant)
231
Type of Hodgkin's
Nodular sclerosis (vs. mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion)
232
Type of non-Hodgkin's
Diffuse large cell
233
UTI
E. coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus (young women)
234
Viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe
HSV-1
235
Vitamin deficiency (US)
Folate (pregnant women are at high risk; body stores only 3-4 month supply; prevents neural tube defects)
