Key Associations, USMLE Flashcards
(134 cards)
1
Q
Actinic (solar) keratosis
A
Precursor to squamous cell carcinoma
2
Q
Acute gastric ulcer associated w/ CNS injury
A
Cushing ulcer (incr. intracranial pressure stimulates vagal gastric secretion)
3
Q
Acute gastric ulcer associated w/ severe burns
A
Curling ulcer (greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa)
4
Q
Alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon
A
Skip lesions (Crohn disease)
5
Q
Aneurysm, dissecting
A
Hypertension
6
Q
Aortic aneurysm, abdominal and descending aorta
A
Atherosclerosis
7
Q
Aortic aneurysm, arch
A
Tertiary syphilis (syphilitic aortitis), vasa vasorum destuction
8
Q
Aortic aneurysm, ascending
A
Marfan syndrome (idiopathic cystic medial degeneration)
9
Q
Atrophy of the mammillary bodies
A
Wernicke encephalopathy (thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, and confusion)
10
Q
Autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage)
A
Sickle cell anemia (hemoglobin S)
11
Q
Bacteria associated w/ gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and stomach cancer
A
H. pylori
12
Q
Bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly)
A
Streptococcus pneumoniae
13
Q
Bacterial meningitis (newborns and kids)
A
Group B streptococcus/E. coli (newborns), S. pneumoniae/Neisseria meningitidis (kids)
14
Q
Benign melanocytic nevus
A
Spitz nevus (most common in 1st two decades)
15
Q
Bleeding disorder w/ GpIb deficiency
A
Bernard-Soulier syndrome (defect in platelet adhesion to von Willebrand factor)
16
Q
Brain tumor (adults)
A
Supratentorial: metastasis > astrocytoma (including glioblastoma multiforme) > meningioma > schwannoma
17
Q
Brain tumor (kids)
A
Infratentorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum( or supratentorial: craniopharyngioma
18
Q
Breast cancer
A
Infiltrating ductal carcinoma
19
Q
Breast mass
A
Fibrocystic change, carcinoma (in postmenopausal women)
20
Q
Breast tumor (benign)
A
Fibroadenoma
21
Q
Cardiac primary tumor (kids)
A
Rhabdomyoma, often seen in tuberous sclerosis
22
Q
Cardiac manifestation of lupus
A
Libman-Sacks endocarditis (nonbacterial, affecting both side of mitral valve)
23
Q
Cardiac tumor (adults)
A
Metastasis, Primary mixoma (4:1 left to right atrium; “ball and valve”)
24
Q
Cerebellar tonsilar herniation
A
Chiari II malformation
25
Chronic arrhythmia
Atrial fibrillation (associated w/ high risk of emboli)
26
Chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)
Predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause pernicious anemia)
27
Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina
DES exposure in utero
28
Compression fracture
Osteoporosis (type I: postmenopausal woman; type II: elderly man or woman)
29
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hpotension
21-hydroxylase deficiency
30
Congenital cardiac anomaly
VSD
31
Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)
Dubin-Johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile)
32
Constrictive pericarditis
TB (developing world); SLE (developed world)
33
Coronary artery involved in thrombosis
LAD > RCA > LCA
34
Cretinism
Iodine deficit/hypothyroidism
35
Cushing syndrome
Iatrogenic Cushing (from corticosteroid therapy);
36
Cyanosis (early; less common)
Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus
37
Cyanosis (late; more common)
VSD, ASD, PDA
38
Death in CML
Blast crisis
39
Death in SLE
Lupus nephropathy
40
Dementia
Alzheimer disease, multiple infarcts
41
Demyelinating disease in young women
Multiple sclerosis
42
DIC
Severe sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burns, trauma, major surgery
43
Dietary deficit
Iron
44
Diverticulum in pharynx
Zenker diverticulum (diagnosed by barium swallow)
45
Ejection click
Aortic/pulmonic stenosis
46
Esophageal cancer
Squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide); adenocarcinoma (US)
47
Food poisoning (exotoxin mediated)
S. aureus, B. cereus
48
Glomerulonephritis (adults)
Berger disease (IgA nephropathy)
49
Gynecologic malignancy
Endometrial carcinoma (most common in US); cervical carcinoma (most common worldwide)
50
Heart murmur, congenital
Mitral valve prolapse
51
Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis
Mitral > aortic (rheumatic fever), tricuspid (IV drug abuse
52
Helminth infections (US)
Enterobius vermicularis, Ascaris lumbricoides
53
Hematoma - epidural
Rupture of middle meningeal artery (trauma; lentiform shaped)
54
Hematoma - subdural
Rupture of bridging veins (crescent shaped)
55
Hemochromatosis
Multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation (can result in CHF, "bronze diabetes," and incr. risk of hepatocellular carcinoma)
56
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Cirrhotic liver (associated w/ hepatitis B and C and w/ alcoholism)
57
Hereditary bleeding disorder
von Willebrand disease
58
Hereditary harmless jaundice
Gilbert syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)
59
HLA-B27
Ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis, ulcerative colitis, psoriatic arthritis
60
HLA-DR3 or -DR4
Diabetes mellitus type 1, rheumatoid arthritis, SLE
61
Holosystolic murmur
VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation
62
Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis
Virchow triad (results in venous thrombosis)
63
Hypertension, secondary
Renal disease
64
Hypoparathyroidism
Accidental excision during thyroidectomy
65
Hypopituitarism
Pituitary adenoma (usually benign tumor)
66
Infection secondary to blood transfusion
Hepatitis C
67
Infections in chronic granulomatous disease
Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Aspergillus (catalase+)
68
Intellectual disability
Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome
69
Kidney stones
Calcium = radiopaque
70
Late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected left to right becomes right to left)
Eisenmenger syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA; results in pulmonary hypertension/polycythemia)
71
Liver disease
Alcoholic cirrhosis
72
Lysosomal storage disease
Gaucher disease
73
Male cancer
Prostatic carcinoma
74
Malignancy associated w/ noninfectious fever
Hodgkin lymphoma
75
Malignancy (kids)
ALL, medulloblastoma (cerebellum)
76
Metastases to bone
Prostate, breast > lung > thyroid
77
Metastases to brain
Lung > breast > GU > melanoma > GI
78
Metastases to liver
Colon >> stomach, pancreas
79
Mitochondrial inheritance
Disease occurs in both males and females, inherited through females only
80
Mitral valve stenosis
Rheumatic heart disease
81
Mixed (UMN and LMN) motor neuron disease
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
82
Myocarditis
Coxsackie B
83
Nephrotic syndrome (adults)
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
84
Nephrotic syndrome (kids)
Minimal change disease
85
Neuron migration failure
Kallmann syndrome (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia)
86
Nosocomial pneumonia
Klebsiella, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa
87
Obstruction of male urinary tract
BPH
88
Opening snap
Mitral stenosis
89
Opportunistic infection in AIDS
Pneumocystic jirovecii pneumonia
90
Osteomyelitis
S. aureus
91
Osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease
Salmonella
92
Osteomyelitis in IV drug use
Pseudomonas, S. aureus
93
Ovarian metastasis from gastric carcinoma or breast cancer
Krukenberg tumor (mucin-secreting signet-ring cells)
94
Ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral)
Serous cystadenoma
95
Ovarian tumor (malignant)
Serous cystadenocarcinoma
96
Pancreatitis (acute)
Gallstones, alcohol
97
Pancreatitis (chronic)
Alcohol (adults), cystic fibrosis (kids)
98
Patient w/ ALL/CLL/AML/CML
ALL: child, CLL: adults >60, AML: adult ~65, CML: adult 30-60
99
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae
100
Philadelphia chromosome t(9;22) (bcr-abl)
CML (may sometimes be associated w/ ALL/AML)
101
Pituitary tumor
Prolactinoma, somatotrophic "acidophilic" adenoma
102
Primary amenorrhea
Turner syndrome (45,XO)
103
Primary bone tumor (adults)
Multiple myeloma
104
Primary hyperaldosteronism
Adenoma of adrenal cortex
105
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Adenomas, hyperplasia, carcinoma
106
Primary liver cancer
Hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, a1-antitrypsin deficiency)
107
Pulmonary hypertension
COPD
108
Recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vessels in extremitis
Buerger disease (strongly associated w/ tobacco)
109
Renal tumor
Renal cell carcinoma: associated w/ von Hippel Lindau and cigarette smoking; paraneoplastic syndromes (EPO, renin, PTH, ACTH)
110
Right heart failure due to a pulmonary cause
Cor pulmonale
111
S3 (protodiastolic gallop)
Incr. ventricular filling (left-to-right shunt, mitral regurgitation, LV failure [CHF])
112
S4 (presystolic gallop)
Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)
113
Secondary parathyroidism
Hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease
114
Sexually transmitted disease
Chlamydia (usually coinfected w/ gonorrhea)
115
SIADH
Small cell carcinoma of the lung
116
Site of diverticula
Sigmoid colon
117
Sites of atherosclerosis
Abdominal aorta > coronary artery > popliteal artery > carotid artery
118
Stomach cancer
Adenocarcinoma
119
Stomach ulcerations and high gastrin levels
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenum or pancreas)
120
t(14;18)
Follicular lymphoma (bcl-2 activation)
121
t(8;14)
Burkitt lymphoma (c-myc activation)
122
t(9;22)
Philadelphia chromosome, CML (bcr-abl fusion)
123
Temporal arteritis
Risk of ipsilateral blindness due to thrombosis of ophthalmic artery; polymyalgia rheumatica
124
Testicular tumor
Seminoma (malignant, radiosensitive)
125
Thyroid cancer
Papillary carcinoma
126
Tumor in women
Leiomyoma (estrogen dependent, not precancerous)
127
Tumor of infancy
Hemangioma (usually regresses spontaneously by childhood)
128
Tumor of the adrenal medulla (adults)
Pheochromocytoma (usually benign)
129
Tumor of the adrenal medulla (kids)
Neuroblastoma (malignant)
130
Type of Hodgkin
Nodular sclerosis (vs. mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion)
131
Type of non-Hodgkin
Diffuse large cell
132
UTI
E. coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus (young women)
133
Viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe
HSV-1
134
Vitamin deficiency (US)
Folate (pregnant women are at high risk; body stores only 3-4-month supply; prevents neural tube defects)
