Key Chemistry Word Associations Flashcards
(171 cards)
1
Q
Process in which there is a loss of hydrogen electrons
A
Oxidation
2
Q
Process in which there is a gain of hydrogen electrons
A
Reduction
3
Q
Replacement of hydrogen by a carboxyl group (-COOH)
A
Carboxylation
4
Q
Substance which speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction
A
Enzyme
5
Q
Inactive precursor protein with an additional peptide attached
A
Pro-enzyme
6
Q
Enzyme that catalyzes the addition of a carboxyl group
A
Carboxylase
7
Q
Removal of the carboxyl group (-COOH)
A
Decarboxylation
8
Q
An enzyme that catalyzes the release of CO2 from compounds
A
Decarboxylase
9
Q
Reaction that combines H2O with a salt to produce acid and base
A
Hydrolysis
10
Q
Enzyme that causes hydrolysis
A
Hydrolase
11
Q
Movement of a phosphate (PO4) form one molecule to another
A
Phosphorylation
12
Q
Enzyme which adds a phosphate to an organic compound
A
Phosphorylase
13
Q
Enzyme that removes a phosphate form an organic compound
A
Phosphatase
14
Q
Enzyme that adds a high-energy phosphate to an organic compound
A
Kinase
15
Q
Enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of one group to another
A
Transferase
16
Q
Enzyme that makes an isomer (same chemical composition)
A
Isomerase
17
Q
Molecule with the same composition but different chemical structure
A
Isomer
18
Q
Isomerase enzyme which changes the configuration of a molecule
A
Mutase
19
Q
Number of factors that affect enzyme activity
A
3
20
Q
Temperature, pH and concentration of the substrate
A
Affects enzyme activity
21
Q
Maximum velocity of a reaction
A
Vmax
22
Q
Michaelis-Martern constant
A
Kmax
23
Q
The amount of substrate required to reach 1/2 of the Vmax
A
Kmax
24
Q
A substance which slows down the rate of an enzyme reaction
A
Inhibitor
25
Competition and allosterism
Enzymatic regulation
26
Actively competes with substrate for the active site
Competition
27
Change in activity by acting on a site other than the active site
Allosterism
28
Chemical bond between two amino acids
Peptide bond
29
Chemical bond between the base bases found in DNA
Hydrogen bond
30
Chemical bond between glycerol and fatty acids
Ester bond
31
Chemical bond between two sugars
Glycosidic bind
32
Chemical bond between nucleotides
Phosphodiester
33
Site of all pathways except the Krebs cycle and 1st half of the urea cycle
Cytosol
34
Site of the Krebs cycle and 1st half of the urea cycle
Mitochondria
35
Constituents of starch
Amylose and Amylopectin
36
Long, unbranched chains of glucose linked at C1 and C4 (a1,4 link)
Amylose
37
Fewer branches of glucose with a1,4 and 1,6 linked branches
Amylopectin
38
Comprised of glucose and fructose; found in table sugar and fruit
Sucrose
39
Contains galactose linked glucose; found in milk; B1,4 link
Lactose
40
Form in which glucose is stored in skeletal muscle and liver
Glycogen
41
Aldopentose (5 Carbon) sugar
Ribose
42
Ketohexose (6 Carbon) sugar
Fructose
43
Crucial step that controls how fast or slow the pathway goes
Rate limiting step
44
The most important rate limiting step in glycolysis
Phosphofructokinase
45
Steps in glycolysis at which ATP is used
Steps 1 and 3
46
Steps in ATP in which ATP is produced
Steps 7 and 10
47
Step in glycolysis at which NADH is produced
Step 6
48
Number of pyruvate molecules produced from one glucose in glycolysis
2
49
Main fate of pyruvate
Converted to Acetyl CoA
50
Alternate fates of pyruvate
Lactate and Alanine
51
Number of carbon molecules in pyruvate
3
52
Number of carbon molecules in acetoacetate
2
53
Making glucose from pyruvate, lactate, glycerol, fatty and amino acids
Gluconeogenesis
54
Irreversible steps in glycolysis that are replaced in gluconeogenesis
Steps 1, 3 and 10
55
Location of gluconeogenesis
Mitochondria and cytoplasm
56
Lactate is converted to pyruvate which is covered to glucose
Sequence of events
57
Vitamin deficiency which results in excess lactic acid production
Biotin deficiency
58
Rate limiting step in gluconeogenesis
F1,6 Bisphosphatase
59
Hormone which inhibits gluconeogenesis
Insulin
60
Location of Krebs cycle
Mitochondrial Matrix
61
Steps in the Krebs cycle at which NADH is produced
Steps 3 + 4 = 7
62
Type of enzyme which facilitates the production of NADH
Dehydrogenase
63
Destination of the energy harvested from the Krebs cycle
Electron Transport Chain
64
Number of ATPs generated from 1 NADH
3 ATP
65
Number of ATPs generated from 1 FADH2
2 ATP
66
Number of NADH, FADH2 and GTP generated by one Krebs cycle
3 NADH, 1 FADH2 and 1 GTP
67
Number of Krebs cycles to completely break down 1 glucose
2
68
Number of ATP produced from breakdown of one glucose in glycolysis
4 ATP
69
Number of NADH produced from one glucose in glycolysis
2 NADH
70
Net ATP gain from one glucose in glycolysis
2 ATP
71
Number of NADH produced by converting pyruvate to acetyl CoA
1
72
Total ATP generated by the breakdown of one molecule of glucose
38 ATP
73
Alternate fuel types for the Krebs cycle
Proteins and fat
74
Succinyl CoA, Oxaloacetate, Fumerate, Alpha-ketoglutarate (SOFA)
Sites at which proteins enter
75
a-ketoglutarate and Succinyl CoA
Sites at which fats can enter
76
Location of Electron Transport Chain
Inner mitochondrial membrane
77
Role of Electron Transport Chain
Transfer electrons to O2
78
Compound which has both reduced and oxidized form of a molecule
Redox pair
79
NAD (oxidized) and NADH (reduced)
Redox pair example
80
Drop-off point for NADH in the Electron Transport Chain
Complex 1
81
Drop-off point for FADH2 in the Electron Transport Chain
Complex 2
82
Alternate name for CoQ10
Ubiquinone
83
Heme containing compounds that receive electrons from CoQH2
Cytochromes
84
ETC complexes involving cytochromes
Complex 3 and 4
85
ETC complex involving phosphorylation
Complex 5
86
Other metal which is important to the ETC
Copper
87
Cycle used to prevent lactic acidosis (lactic acid buildup)
Cori Cycle
88
Purpose of the Hexose MonoPhosphate shunt (HMP)
Produces NADPH and ribose
89
Location of the pentose phosphate pathway (aka HMP shunt)
Cytosol
90
Rate-limiting enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway
G63P dehydrogenase
91
Site of glycogen metabolism
Cytosol
92
Starter or primer molecule for glycogen synthesis
Glycogenin
93
Compound containing a 5-carbon and 6-carbon sugar in glyocogenesis
Uridine DiPhospho-Glucose
94
Rate-limiting enzyme used to lengthen the glycogen chain
Glycogen Synthase
95
Type of chemical bonds between glucose molecules: a1,4 and a1,6 links
Glycosidic bond
96
Rate-limiting enzyme in glycogenolysis, activated by ATP
Glycogen phosphorylase
97
Sites for glycogenolysis
Heart, liver and muscle
98
Name of enzyme that changes G1P to G6P
Phosphoglucomutase
99
Group consisting of Carbon with Oxygen and a hydroxyl attached
Carboxyl group
100
One with no double bond between the carbon atoms (C-C)
Saturated fatty acid
101
One with one or more double bonds between the carbon atoms
Unsaturated fatty acid
102
Linoleic acid (vegetable oil omega-6) and linolenic acid (fish oil omega-3)
Essential fatty acids
103
Mono-Unsaturated Fatty Acid (MUFA - 18:1 (9))
Linoleic acid
104
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid - 18:2(9,12)
Oleic acid
105
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid - 20:4(5,8,11,14)
Arachidonic Acid
106
Location of lipolysis
Mitochondria
107
Site of lipogenesis
Cytosol
108
Rate-limiting step in cholesterol synthesis and target for statins
HMG CoA reductase
109
Starting point for steroid hormone synthesis
Cholesterol
110
Phe, Val, Thr, Trp, Ile, Met (His and Arg during pregnancy) Leu and Lys
Essential amino acids
111
Asn, Gly, Glu, Cys, Ala, Pro, Ser, Tyr, Asp and Gln
Non-essential amino acids
112
Proline (Pro)
Cyclic amino acid
113
Phenylalanine (Phe), Tyrosine (Tyr) and Tryptophan (Trp)
Aromatic amino acids
114
Histidine (His), Arginine (Arg) and Lysine (Lys)
Basic amino acids
115
Asparagine (Asn), Aspartate (Asp), Glutamine (Gln) and Glutamate (Glu)
Acid amino acids
116
Cysteine (Cys), Methionine (Met), Serine (Ser) and Threonine (The)
Sulfur-containing amino acids
117
Alanine (Ala), Glycine (Gly), Isoleucine (Ile), Leucine (Leu), Valine (Val)
Aliphatic amino acids
118
Removal of the amine NH2 group
Deamination
119
Source of nitrogen for the urea cycle
Glutamate and alanine
120
Substrates for urea formation
NH3 and CO2
121
Location of the urea cycle
Mitochondria then cytosol
122
Rate-Limiting enzyme in the urea cycle
Carbamoyl PO4 synthase
123
Purine or Pyrimidine base PLUS pentose (5-carbon) sugar
Nucleoside
124
Purine or Pyrimidine base PLUS pentose sugar AND phosphate
Nucleotide
125
Adenine and Guanine; used to make nucleosides and nucleotides
Purine bases
126
Cytosine, Uracil, Thymine; used to make nucleosides and nucleotides
Pyrimidine bases
127
Adenine & Thymine; Cytosine & Guanine; Adenine & Uracil
Base pairs
128
Nucleoside formed by combining uracil and d-Ribose
Uridine
129
Enzyme which converts xanthine into uric acid
Xanthine oxidase
130
Process by which RNA template for protein synthesis is made from DNA
Transcription
131
Process by which RNA codon begins to make a protein
Translation
132
Arginine is made from which amino acid
Glutamine
133
Glutamine, arginine and proline are all made from which amino acid
Glutamate
134
Glutamate is made from which amino acid
alpha ketoglutarate
135
Asparagine is made from which amino acid
Aspartate
136
Aspartate is derived from which amino acid
Oxaloacetate transamination
137
Water-soluble vitamins
A, D, E and K
138
Fat-soluble vitamins
B and C
139
Anti-oxidants
Vitamins A, C, E and selenium
140
Used to make rhodopsin, helps in the differentiation of epithelial tissue
Vitamin A
141
Used in carboxylation of glutamate residue in making clotting factors
Vitamin K
142
Powerful antioxidant which mops free radical; lipid antioxidant
Vitamin E
143
Cofactor in pyruvate dehydrogenase and alpha ketogluterate dehydrogenase
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
144
Precursor for FMN, FAD, and FADH2 in the ETC and Redox reactions
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
145
Precursor for NAD and NADP in the ETC
Vitamin B3 (Niacin)
146
Precursor for removal of CO2 (decarboxylase) in the Krebs cycle
Vitamin B3 (Niacin)
147
Acyl carrier as part of Coenzyme A; Pantene Pro V (V=Five)
Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid)
148
Cofactor for several transaminase reactions
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxin)
149
Used in carboxylation reactions
Vitamin B7 (Biotin)
150
Used in reactions involving malonyl and methylmalonyl CoA
Vitamin B7 (Biotin)
151
Used in the transfer of 1-Carbon units and make methionine and purines
Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid)
152
Cofactor for methionine and succinyl CoA manufacture
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)
153
Cofactor in hydroxylation in the synthesis of collagen
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
154
Necessary in the ETC and found in prunes
Copper
155
Cofactor of carbonic anhydrase found in seafood, meat and whole grain
Zinc
156
Forms complexes wit ATP and found abundantly in nuts
Magnesium
157
Helps with glucose transport into cells and found in oysters
Chromium
158
Necessary for the transport of oxygen and energy formation
Iron
159
Deficiency of Vitamin C
Scurvy
160
Deficiency of Vitamin A
Night Blindness (nyctalopia)
161
Deficiency of Vitamin B1
Beri Beri
162
Deficiency of Vitamin B3
Pellagra
163
Deficiency of Vitamin B12
Pernicious anemia
164
Deficiency of Vitamin D
Rickets and osteomalacia
165
Deficiency of Vitamin B9 (folic acid)
Macrocytic anemia
166
Deficiency of Vitamin B7 (Biotin)
Lactic acidosis
167
Deficiency of Vitamin E
Hemolytic anemia
168
Deficiency of Vitamin K
Prolonged bleeding
169
Deficiency of iron
Microcytic/hypochromic anemia
170
Deficiency in calcium
Tetany
171
True vegans need to supplement
Calcium and Vitamin B12
