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key concepts biology Flashcards

1
Q

Whats a eukaryote

A

organisms made out of eukaryotic cells

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2
Q

Whats a prokaryote

A

a single celled organism prokaryotic cell

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3
Q

what is nucleus and animals or plants

A

contains genetic material that controls the activity of the cell in animals and plants

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4
Q

what is cytoplasm and animals or plants

A

gel like substance where the chemical reactions happen, contains enzyme in animals and plants

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5
Q

what is cell membrane and animals or plants

A

holds cell together, controls what enters and leave in animals and plants

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6
Q

what is mitochondria and animals or plantss

A

respiration, transfers energy to cells in animals and plants

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7
Q

what is ribosomes and animals or plants (trans)

A

translation of genetic material in the synthesis of proteins in plants and animals

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8
Q

What is cell wall and animals or plants

A

made of cellulose and strengthens and supports the cell, only in plants

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9
Q

what is large vacuole and animals or plants

A

contains cell sap matains internal pressure, only plants

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10
Q

what is chloroplasts and animal or plants

A

where phtosynthesis occurs, contain green substance called chlorophyll, only in plants

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11
Q

describe bacteria cells

A

a lot smaller than plant animal cells and have subcellular structure

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12
Q

what is chromosomal DNA (bacteria)

A

(one long circular chromosome) controls the cells activities and replication, floats around in cytoplasm

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13
Q

What is plasmid DNA (bacteria)

A

small loops of extra DNA, contain genes like drug resistance and can be passed between bacteria

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14
Q

What is flagellum

A

rotates to make bacteria move, used to move bacteria away from harmful substances and towards oxygen and nutrients. long hair like structure

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15
Q

all cells in bacteria

A

chromosomal DNA, ribosomes, cell membrane, plasmid DNA, flagellum

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16
Q

All cells in animals

A

nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes

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17
Q

all cells in plants

A

nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes, cell wall, large vacuole, chloroplasts

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18
Q

what are specialised cells

A

cells that have a structure adapted to their function

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19
Q

what type of nucleus do eggs have

A

haploid nucleus

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20
Q

main uses of an egg

A

carry the female DNA and to nourish the developing embryo in early stages.

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21
Q

what does an egg have in the cytoplasm

A

an eggs cytoplasm contains nutrients to feed egg

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22
Q

what happens after fertilisation to an egg

A

an eggs membrane changes structure to stop any more sperm getting in so offspring ends up with the right amount of DNA

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23
Q

What is a sperm cell

A

transport the males DNA to the female egg

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24
Q

what do sperm cells have to help them move around faster

A

have along tail so they can swim to the egg

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25
Q

what is a acrosome (sperm)

A

stores enzymes in the head of the sperm needed to digest the cell membrane of the egg

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26
Q

what type of nucleus do sperm cells have

A

haploid nucleus

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27
Q

what is resolution in microscopes

A

how well a microscope distinguishes between two points that are close together

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28
Q

method to figure out total magnification

A

eyepiece lens magnification x objective lens mag

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29
Q

total mag without lens size

A

image size div real size

30
Q

what are enzymes

A

they cause chemical reactions

31
Q

why do enzymes have special shapes

A

so they can catalyse reaction

32
Q

what is a active site

A

the part where it joins on to its substrate to catalyse the reaction

33
Q

how many substrates do enzymes work for and why

A

enzymes usually work with only one substrate
the substrate has to fit into the active site and the substrate doesn’t fit then the reaction wont be catalysed.

34
Q

what is the name of the mechanism for enzymes

A

the lock and key method

35
Q

what does a high temperature do to the rate of reaction

A

when the temperature increases the reactions speed up but if the temp goes to high then the enzyme breaks changing the shape of the active site

36
Q

what is diffusion

A

net movement of of particles from an higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

37
Q

what state of matter does diffusion happen in and why

A

diffusion happens in both gases and liquids as the particles in them are free to move around randomly

38
Q

what is osmosis

A

net movement of water molecules through a partialy permeable membrane from a region of high water concentration to an are of low water concentration

39
Q

what is a partially permeable membrane

A

a membrane with tiny holes in it, only molecules like water can pass through them

40
Q

what is active transport

A

the movement of particles for an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration. using energy transferred during respiration

41
Q

osmosis practical (potatoes)

A

cut pieces of potatoes in the same size and mass place one group of potatoes in each solution ( water and sucrose concentration) each solution should have more sucrose in it then the one previously e.g.. 0.2, 0.4 then after a period of time pat dry and weight again to record the change in weight

42
Q

all stages in mitosis

A

1st-phrophase
2nd-metaphase
3rd-anaphase
4th-telophase

43
Q

explain phrophase (membrane)

A

chromosomes condense getting shorter and fatter and membrane around nucleus breaks down. chromos lie free in the cytoplasm

44
Q

explain metaphase (centre)

A

chromos line up in the centre of the cell

45
Q

explain anaphase (rip)

A

cell fibres pull chromosomes apart. each arm of the chromos go on each side of the cell

46
Q

explain telophase (membrane form)

A

membranes form around each set of chromosomes. thes become the two nuclei for the two cells

47
Q

what is mitosis for

A

mitosis is to grow or replace damaged cells

48
Q

what is growth

A

the increase in size or mass, plants and animals grow due to this process

49
Q

what is cell differentiation

A

the process by which a cell changes to become specialised for its job

50
Q

what is cell elongation

A

this is how a plant grows by making the cell grow

51
Q

what is cancer

A

uncontrolled cell division

52
Q

what are stem cells

A

undifferentiated cells

53
Q

where are stem cells found in kids

A

in early human embryos. these embryos have potential to produce any kind of cell

54
Q

where are adult stem cells found

A

they are found in bone marrow

55
Q

what are the difference between bone marrow stem cells and embryonic stem cells.

A

the adult stem cells cant create every type of cell, they can only be used to replace damaged cells like skin and blood cells

56
Q

where are the only cells divided by mitosis found in plants

A

they are found in meristem tissue

57
Q

where can meristem tissue be found

A

found in the area of a plant that is growing e.g. roots and shoots

58
Q

what is the nervous system

A

it allows you to react to what’s happening around you

59
Q

what is the nervous system made out off

A

made up of neurons which go to all parts of the body

60
Q

what are gametes

A

gametes are reproductive cells. in animals these are sperm and eggs

61
Q

how many chromosomes do gametes contain

A

gametes contain only half the amoung of chromosmes of normal cells. so they are haploid(23)

62
Q

where does meiosis occur

A

meiosis only happens in the reproduction organs e.g. ovaries and testes

63
Q

division 1 of meiosis

A

before the cell starts to divide it duplicates its DNA. half of the cells in the starting chromosomes where inherited from mother and father

the chromosomes then start to line up in the centre of the cell in pairs each chromosome in the pairs being, one from father and one from mother

the pairs are then pulled apart so each new cell only has one copy of the each chromosome

each cell will have a mixture of the chromosomes. this is very important as it creates genetic variation in the offspring

64
Q

div 2 of meiosis (chromosomes centre)

A

the chromosomes line up again in the centre, the arms of the chromosomes are pulled apart

then you end up with four haploid daughter cells

65
Q

what is a communicable disease

A

diseases trhat can spread among eachother

66
Q

what is a non communicable disease

A

disease that cant be spread between diseases

67
Q

world health organisation meaning of health

A

a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing, and not merely the absence of disease

68
Q

what happens to your body if its already fighting one disease

A

becomes weakened and unable to fight of other diseases trying to invade the body

69
Q

what are STI

A

infections spread through sexual contact

70
Q

what is HIV and how does it work
and what does it lead to and why

A

is a sexually transmitted virus, but since viruses cant reproduce they have to look for host cells (infecting other living cells). it infect white blood cells and kills them which are needed in the immune response. it eventually leads to Aids, this is because the lack of white blood cells means the infected immune system breaks down and leading the person to being very vulnerable

71
Q

how is HIV spread
and how can it be stopped

A

through bodily fluids or a mother passing it to their baby during childbirth. by wearing condoms

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