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Biology Paper 1 > Key Concepts In Biology > Flashcards

Key Concepts In Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two main types of cells that make up animals and plants?

A

Eukaryotic cells

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

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2
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

Controls what enters and leaves the cell, e.g. oxygen, carbon dioxide, glucose

The cell membrane is selectively permeable.

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3
Q

What is the role of the nucleus in a cell?

A

Contains genes that control the activities of the cell

The nucleus is often referred to as the control center of the cell.

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4
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

Jelly-like substance that fills the cell where many reactions take place

Cytoplasm is composed of cytosol and organelles.

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5
Q

Where does respiration take place in a cell?

A

Mitochondria

Mitochondria are often called the powerhouse of the cell.

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6
Q

What are ribosomes responsible for?

A

Where proteins are made (protein synthesis)

Ribosomes can be found in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.

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7
Q

Name three structures found in most plant cells but not in animal cells.

A

Chloroplasts, cell wall, central vacuole

Each of these structures has distinct functions in plant cells.

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8
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A

Where photosynthesis takes place to make food for the plant cell

Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, which captures light energy.

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9
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

Helps support the cell and keeps its shape

The cell wall is made of cellulose.

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10
Q

What is contained in the large central vacuole of a plant cell?

A

Cell sap

The central vacuole helps maintain turgor pressure in plant cells.

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11
Q

True or False: The cell membrane and cell wall are the same structure.

A

False

They are different and separate structures.

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12
Q

Why do muscle cells contain more mitochondria than skin cells?

A

Muscle cells require more energy for contraction

More mitochondria provide more energy through respiration.

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13
Q

State four structures found in both plant cells and animal cells.

A

Cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, ribosomes

These structures are essential for basic cellular functions.

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14
Q

Suggest an explanation for why not all plant cells have chloroplasts.

A

Some plant cells are located in areas with low light and do not perform photosynthesis

Example: Root cells do not need chloroplasts.

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15
Q

What type of cells are bacteria classified as?

A

Prokaryotic cells

Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus.

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16
Q

What is contained in the cytoplasm of bacterial cells?

A

A single loop of chromosomal DNA

This carries most of the bacterial genes.

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17
Q

What additional circular DNA can be found in some bacteria?

A

Plasmid DNA

Plasmids contain additional genes that are not found in chromosomes.

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18
Q

Do bacterial cells have a nucleus?

A

No

Bacterial cells are prokaryotic and lack a nucleus.

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19
Q

What structure do many bacteria have for protection?

A

Cell wall

The composition of bacterial cell walls differs from plant cell walls.

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20
Q

What is the function of ribosomes in cells?

A

They make proteins.

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21
Q

What type of nuclei do egg cells and sperm cells contain?

A

Haploid nuclei

A haploid nucleus contains half the genetic information needed by an organism.

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22
Q

What is formed when a sperm cell fuses with an egg cell?

A

Diploid zygote

The zygote has all the genetic information needed for an organism.

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23
Q

What is one specialization of the egg cell?

A

Contains nutrients in the cytoplasm to supply the growing embryo.

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24
Q

What is one specialization of the sperm cell?

A

Has a tail for swimming to the egg cell for fertilization.

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25
What do ciliated epithelial cells have that helps them move substances?
Cilia ## Footnote Cilia move things along tubes, such as mucus.
26
What is the function of the acrosome in sperm cells?
Contains enzymes to digest a way through the egg cell membrane.
27
What is the advantage of the shape of a root hair cell?
Increases surface area for absorbing minerals dissolved in water.
28
What is the relationship between cell shape and function?
Cell shape can be a specialization allowing the cell to carry out a particular function.
29
Fill in the blank: A _______ is used to view small objects in detail.
microscope
30
What type of microscope provides greater detail than a light microscope?
Electron microscope
31
True or False: All cells have a nucleus.
False ## Footnote Bacterial cells do not have a nucleus.
32
What is the greatest possible magnification using a light microscope?
About × 2000
33
What type of microscope uses electrons to view an object?
Electron microscope
34
What is the maximum magnification achievable with an electron microscope?
Up to about X10 million
35
What is the formula for calculating magnification (M)?
M = Image size (I) / Real size (R)
36
How do you convert image size from millimetres to micrometres?
Multiply by 1000
37
If a scale bar indicates an image size of 20 mm, what is the size in micrometres?
20000 um
38
If the real size (R) of an object is 1 um and the image size is 20000 um, what is the magnification?
x20000
39
What is the magnification when using a X4 eyepiece and a X20 objective?
80
40
Calculate the total magnification when using a X40 objective and a X10 eyepiece.
400
41
If the image of a cell is 1.2 mm long and the total magnification is 400, what is the actual length of the cell?
0.003 mm or 3 um
42
True or False: A light microscope can magnify objects more clearly than an electron microscope.
False
43
Fill in the blank: The _______ enables you to see plant cells, animal cells, and bacterial cells.
magnification
44
What has developed over time allowing us to see more structures of cells?
Microscope technology
45
Before the invention of microscopes, could people see cells in organisms?
No
46
What is the purpose of a scale bar in microscopy?
To find the answer for image size calculations
47
What is the diameter of DNA?
About 4 × 10⁻⁹ m ## Footnote This is equivalent to 4 nanometres.
48
What is the diameter of a human red blood cell?
9 × 10⁻⁶ m ## Footnote This is equivalent to 9 micrometres.
49
What is the relationship between millimetres and metres?
A millimetre is one thousandth of a metre, or 10⁻³ metres.
50
What is the relationship between micrometres and metres?
A micrometre is one millionth of a metre, or 10⁻⁶ metres.
51
How many millimetres are in a metre?
1000 millimetres.
52
How many micrometres are in a metre?
1,000,000 micrometres.
53
How many nanometres are in a metre?
1,000,000,000 nanometres.
54
How many picometres are in a metre?
1,000,000,000,000 picometres.
55
Fill in the blank: A _______ is 10⁻⁶ metres.
micrometre
56
Fill in the blank: A _______ is 10⁻³ metres.
millimetre
57
How many picometres are in a nanometre?
1000 picometres.
58
How many micrometres are in a millimetre?
1000 micrometres.
59
What is the length of a mitochondrion in micrometres?
2 µm ## Footnote This is derived from the length of 0.002 mm.
60
What is the length of a mitochondrion in nanometres?
2000 nm ## Footnote This is derived from the length of 0.002 mm.
61
Match the structure to its correct average size: Protein molecule.
10 nanometres.
62
Match the structure to its correct average size: Chloroplast.
2 micrometres.
63
What is the length of a human egg in micrometres if it is 0.00013 m long?
130 µm ## Footnote This conversion is done by multiplying 0.00013 by 1,000,000.
64
If a bacterial cell is 2 µm long, what is an estimation for its width?
Estimation would depend on typical bacterial shape, often around 0.5-1 µm.

Biology Paper 1 (1 decks)

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