Key Concepts/Vocab

Question 1

Genealogy

Answer 1

the study of ancestry & family history

Question 2

Family (working definition)

Answer 2

Group of related people bound by connections that are biological, legal, or emotional

Question 3

personal family

Answer 3

people to whom we feel related & who we expect to define us as members of their family

Question 4

legal family

Answer 4

group of individuals related by birth, marriage, or adoption

–>A state-imposed legal definition that carries many rights & responsibilities overseen by the gov’t –> implications for resource distribution

Question 5

institutional arena

Answer 5

a social space in which relations between people in common positions are governed by accepted informal rules of interaction

Question 6

family arena

Answer 6

institutional arena where people practice intimacy, childbearing & socialization, and caring work

Question 7

state arena

Answer 7

where behavior is regulated through political mean, violence is controlled, & resources are redistributed

Question 8

market arena

Answer 8

the institutional arena where labor for pay, economic exchange, and wealth accumulation take place

–> state has direct interaction w/ the market through the regulation of economic organizations and tax and fee collections

Question 9

consensus perspective (Talcott Parsons)

Answer 9

projects the image of society as collective expression of shared norms & values

Question 10

structural functionalism (Émile Durkheim)

Answer 10

assumes there is a good reason for things to be the way they are & explains based on this premise

emphasis on breadwinner-homemaker family: employed father, non-employed mother, children

Question 11

conflict perspective

Answer 11

opposition & conflict define a given society & are necessary for social evolution; conflict can create positive change and doesn’t threaten social stability

Question 12

feminism

Answer 12

seeks to understand & reduce inequality b/ween men & women

3 contributions of feminism:
1) gender inequality is central to family life
2) family structure is socially constructed
3) feminist theorists in subsequent generations argued that gender perspectives are not uniform

Question 13

gender socialization

Answer 13

process by which individuals internalize elements of the social structure in their own personalities

Question 14

exchange theory

Answer 14

theory that individuals or groups w/ diff resources, strengths, and weaknesses enter into mutual relationships to maximize their own gains

–> division of housework—men’s greater earning power gives them stronger bargaining position

–>Women inclined to accept arrangements where they’re the weaker parties—> take on time-consuming household tasks

–>each party considers the costs and benefits of their actions and their partnerships are rational and deliberate

Question 15

symbolic interactionism

Answer 15

theory concerned w/ ability of humans to see themselves through the eye of others and to enact social roles based on others’ expectations t
Need to look at what ppl do vs what they say or what things mean to them

–>Social roles= symbols
–>Actions form the basis for understanding
–>Meaning can only be understood by studying the actions of individuals

A sense of self & identity is formed

Question 16

modernity

Answer 16

theory of the historical emergence of the individual as an actor of society and how individuality changed personal & institutional relations

Personal taste & choice have become institutionalized and are expected of individuals

The “modern individual is socially constructed as a “citizen” with personal rights

Question 17

first modernity

Answer 17

’60s and before
More divorce, increasing age at first marriage, fewer children, fewer people living in extended families

Free choice, but “normal” family standard remained intact

Question 18

second modernity

Answer 18

since ’70s –> diversity & individuality as new norm
Acting individually supported by state & market–> people seen as individuals instead of family members

Family wage: the amount necessary for a male earner to provide subsistence for his wife & children w/o them having to work for pay

Most employers don’t consider it necessary to pay a family wage to male workers as in the post

“Institutionalized individualization”–> tremendous fragmentation of family identities & big psych burden on people

Question 19

demographic perspective

Answer 19

study of how family behavior & household structures contribute to large population processes

focus on birth, death, migration; researchers interested in childbirth

looks for patterns and what is “normal”: traditional “normal” progressions

Question 20

life course perspective

Answer 20

study of family trajectories of individuals and groups as they progress through lives, in social & historical context

goal: place family events in a historical context

recognizes importance of timing

Question 21

bias

Answer 21

tendency to impose previously held views on the collection & interpretation of fact

Question 22

sample surveys

Answer 22

identical questions asked of many diff people & answers gathered into one large data file

–> effective in predicting people’s behavior

Question 23

longitudinal surveys

Answer 23

same people are interviewed over a period of time

Question 24

in-depth interviews

Answer 24

used to avoid assumptions and superficial answers; rely on answers provided to the researcher

–>Interpersonal dynamics & subtleties best studied through direct observation & interaction (ethnography)

Question 25

time use studies

Answer 25

surveys that collect data on how people spend their time during a sample period

Question 26

time diary studies

Answer 26

people record what they were doing, where they were, who they were with for small increments of time over an entire day

Question 27

The granting of marriage licenses is an example of which arenas interacting?

Answer 27

state & family

Question 28

According to conflict theories, who benefits from family structures where women stay home and men work for pay

Answer 28

men and employers

Question 29

Rosa thinks of her mother’s best friend, Maria, as her aunt, and Maria treats Rosa as her niece. Rosa and Maria could be labeled a(n)

Answer 29

personal family

Question 30

According to recent feminist family theorists, which statement is true? A. Family types are biologically determined and rarely change. B. What’s good for some women is good for all women. C. Men and women have very similar experiences of family life. D. Family types are socially constructed

Answer 30

D. Family types are socially constructed

Question 31

Which theory sees people as individuals entering into mutual relationships to maximize their own gains?

Answer 31

exchange theory

Question 32

For the purposes of the contemporary U.S. Census, a family A. must occupy the same household. B. may occupy several households. C. includes a man and his family. D. includes unmarried partners

Answer 32

A. must occupy the same household

Question 33

The demographic perspective in family studies focuses most on

Answer 33

family and household structures

Question 34

4 historical trends of family

Answer 34

1. Most people today live much longer than people did in the past 2. People today have fewer children than people did in the past 3. Family members perform fewer functional tasks at home --> Technological innovations—laundry machines, roombas, dishwashers.. 4. Families have become more diverse in recent decades

Question 35

nuclear family

Answer 35

a married, monogamous couple living with their own (usually biological) children and no extended family members

Question 36

monogamy

Answer 36

marriage of one person to another

Question 37

polygamy

Answer 37

marriage in which one person has several spouses

Question 38

Themes of European family systems --> legacy on American family life

Answer 38

1. Prominent religious regulation by Christian churches 2. Extreme inequality and separate family worlds of the rich and poor 3. Family relations were not matters of personal choices; marriage was a political and economic institution 4. Patriarchy: the system of men's control over property, fathers' authority over family

Question 39

matrilineal descent

Answer 39

family system in which wealth & power are transmitted from mothers to daughterslocal

Question 40

European colonists' influence

Answer 40

---> marriage out of necessity rather than love --> marriage maintained civility & social structure; free will & choice more endorsed --> Protestant doctrine: gave men power over wives and power to local community leaders (imposed Christian doctrine on marriage) --> women's survival depended on conformity

Question 41

coverture

Answer 41

legal doctrine that incorporated wives under into their husbands' citizenship

Question 42

Calvinist view

Answer 42

children were guilty of sin and needed to be controlled through the discipline and work

Question 43

extended families

Answer 43

family households in which relatives beyond parents and children live together

Question 44

stem family

Answer 44

the household formed by one grown child remaining in the family home with his/her parents

Question 45

African Americans

Answer 45

--> 1619-mid-1800s: sold into slavery --> slavery disrupted cultural groups w/ diff kinship networks, languages, and traditions --> recognition of family lineages was difficulty bc of name erasure --> unions between enslaved people were not recognized

Question 46

modern family (1820-1900)

Answer 46

*democracy & industrial capitalism --> new ideas, laws, and growth of the market economy

Question 47

courtship

Answer 47

practice where young people had choice about their partner but still remained under parental control

Question 48

Children and Families

Answer 48

number of children per family dropped -> birth control -->desired fewer children new ideals --> children's individuality --> change in Calvinist view: children were now seen blank states of innocence

Question 49

separate spheres

Answer 49

doctrine under which a woman's place was in the private sphere, which included family life and the home, while a man's place was in the public sphere --> women expected to make home a sanctuary from the industrial world --> created impression of wives' dependency on husbands

Question 50

monogamous morality

Answer 50

-rules that included monogamy, a moral standard for women to be faithful to their husbands, and husbands supporting their wives and children economically

Question 51

patterns for African American families

Answer 51

-more gender equality than White families based on women's economic roles -more fragile marriages bc of poverty -stronger extended family networks

Question 52

Asian Americans

Answer 52

-Chinese Exclusion Act---> cut off new immigration, led tp few Chinese women being able to join Chinese men in the U.S. --> these men remained unmarried bc prohibition of interracial marriage

Question 53

Mexican Americans

Answer 53

--> new Mexican Amer. were poor farmers after large commercial farmers put them out of business --> Latino family life in early America: long periods of separation, need for strong family bonds and extended family care relationships

Question 54

companionship family

Answer 54

ideal type of family characterized by mutual affection, equality, and comradeship of its members --> ideal, not a reality --> shared by White middle-class families

Question 55

companionate marriage

Answer 55

marriage as a friendship & romance, rather than a platform for cooperation and survival

Question 56

dating

Answer 56

mate selection process in which young adults spend time w/ a variety of partners before making long-term commitment -->authority of young men who initiated and paid for dates, instead of parental authority

Question 57

family wage

Answer 57

amount necessary for a male earner to provide for his wife and children (who don't work for pay)

Question 58

baby boom

Answer 58

period of high birth rates in U.S. between 1946-1964

Question 59

deviation from "traditional" family

Answer 59

--> rise in women's employment --> state forces helped people live more independently

Question 60

weaknesses of companionate marriage model

Answer 60

1. never a truly equal partnership bc women made less money (patriarchy) 2. affection was all that held a marriage together

Question 61

Patterns of modern relationships (end of 20th c)

Answer 61

1. living independently w/o a spouse of relatives has become more common 2. increasing physical separation from family members heightens independence

Question 62

double-edged sword nature of independence in institutional arenas

Answer 62

State--> independence marked by citizenship, but citizenship rights come with responsibilities (regulation of choices) Market--> independence expressed by the role of worker, but freedom to contract labor allows employers to hire and fire at will Family: independence represented by marriage choice, but independence introduced a sense of instability

Question 63

Changes in emotional bonds between children & families

Answer 63

* growing crisis of grandparents' loneliness (increasing distance and financial independence of family members) * grandparents becoming caregivers of children * "sandwich generation"--> middle-class, middle-aged adults who care for elderly parents AND adolescents while going through midlife crises

Question 64

key ideas of biology, race, & ethnicity

Answer 64

"races" attempted to classify and rank groups of people by outward appearance --> Biology doesn’t support the classification of people into races --> skin color is a bio adaptation to help people survive near the equator, but other visible differences have evolved randomly -->One-drop rule—based on economic interests of male lave owners, who made sure that the children they fathered with Black slave women remained their property instead of becoming heirs --> race & ethnicity are socially constructed

Question 65

race

Answer 65

group of people believed to share common descent, based on perceived innate physical similarities --> More stable

Question 66

ethnicity

Answer 66

a group of people with a common cultural identification, based on a combo of language, religion, ancestral original, or traditional practices -->Can change over a person's lifetime, from one social setting to another

Question 67

endogamy

Answer 67

marriage and reproduction within a distinct groupe

Question 68

exogamy

Answer 68

marriage and reproduction outside one's distinct group

Question 69

minority group

Answer 69

a racial or ethnic group that occupies a subordinate status in society --> smaller than dominant group --> status raises questions about rights and social justice

Question 70

race socialization

Answer 70

the specific verbal & nonverbal messages that generations transmit to younger generations regarding the meaning and significance of race --> parents of color, esp Black parents, discuss their heritage w/ children more often than White parents

Question 71

resocialization

Answer 71

the process whereby people learn new rules and norms upon entering a new social world

Question 72

desocialization

Answer 72

the process whereby people unlearn rules and norms upon exiting a social world

Question 73

anticipatory socialization

Answer 73

the process whereby we learn about a social role in advance of enacting the role

Question 74

American Indian society values

Answer 74

-value of cooperation over competition -well-being of the collective < individual (collectivism) -spiritual orientation -acceptance of informal same-sex marriage -some tribes practiced polygamy

Question 75

W.E.B Du Bois on slavery

Answer 75

the oppression of slavery & discrimination in urban relined districts --> devastating consequences for Black family life --> Black community in Philadelphia had low marriage rates and more single mothers and unmarried couples cohabiting in the city that there were among Whites

Question 76

Black women & family resilience

Answer 76

-became strong leaders and workers out of necessity to keep families out of poverty --> seen as resilient and adaptive --> post Civil War, many Black Americans upheld separate spheres & nuclear family models

Question 77

Black family dynamics (urban poverty, retreat from marriage)

Answer 77

*today there exists a highly visible Black middle class --> high poverty rate due to deindustrialization--production of goods to production of services --drop in marriage rates due to: economic instability, shortage of Black men (higher mortality and incarceration rates, Black men marrying outside of race)

Question 78

Latinx culture & diversity

Answer 78

flow of immigrants helps maintain cultural continuity (high level of transnationalism)

Question 79

familism

Answer 79

personal outlook that puts family obligations first, followed by individual's needs --> strong intergenerational ties -->2-3x more likely to live in extended families than other groups

Question 80

Asian Americans and diversity

Answer 80

Confucian-based education --parental support for education is why >11 % of Asian Americans ages 18-24 are high school dropouts -filial piety-->respect and care for elders -older Asian-American immigrants are well-integrated, but impacted by rise in anti-Asian hate -overall relatively high incomes & occupational status

Question 81

Immigration overview

Answer 81

-almost 15% of U.S. residents are immigrants -current wave of immigration dates to 1965--> reform that allowed the immigration of spouses, children, and parents of citizens; termination of quota system -family reunification==> mauy increase social distance between immigrant groups & society

Question 82

acculturation

Answer 82

the acquisition of a new culture and language

Question 83

consonant acculturation

Answer 83

parents and children together gradually transition away from their home culture and language

Question 84

dissonant acculturation

Answer 84

children develop English ability more quickly and integrate into the new society more easily than their parents

Question 85

assimilation

Answer 85

gradual reduction of ethnic distinction between immigrants and the mainstream society --> successful only when host society accepts the new group

Question 86

immigrant generations & family issues

Answer 86

1) 0.5 generation--> retirement age; joined their families in the U.S. at older ages and may feel more isolated and dependent on children; provide connection to homeland for grandchildren 2) 1st gen--> working-age adulthood; classic immigrants who bring the family to the U.S. and may never feel integrated into the new society 3) 1.5 gen--> childhood (ages 6-12); learned to speak a diff language and may speak English imperfectly, often the most acculturated members of the immigrant family 4) 2nd gen--> children of immigrants; born and raised in U.S. and are transitional generation 5) 3rd gen--> grandchildren of immigrants; may retain their identity as part of an immigrant family but see their ethnicity as family history rather than own experience

Question 87

social distance

Answer 87

level of acceptance that members of one group have toward members of another --> intermarriage

Question 88

Undocumented immigration & immigration policy

Answer 88

-1/4 of all immigrants are undocumented -about 2/3 of undocumented immigrants have been in the country for 10 yrs+ -immigration policy risk--separation of families -undocumented immigrants have children who are citizens by virtue of being born in the U.S.

Question 89

Lin marries someone from their cultural group. Which term best applies to this situation?

Answer 89

endogamy

Question 90

Ernesto is a Cuban American living near Miami in South Florida. Which statement about Ernesto is correct? A. Ernesto’s race is Hispanic. B. Ernesto’s ethnicity is Cuban. C. Ernesto’s ethnicity is Caucasian. D. Ernesto is not a minority because of the large number of Cuban Americans living in South Florida.

Answer 90

Ernesto's ethnicity is Cuban

Question 91

Catalina, a Latina immigrant, set aside her dreams of continuing her education in order to work and send money to her family in her country of origin. This is an example of the cultural trait of:

Answer 91

familism

Question 92

José and Maria came to the United States from Mexico with their parents. They quickly learned English, but their parents struggle with it and want to continue to speak Spanish at home to maintain their culture. This is an example of

Answer 92

dissonant acculturation