Key food molecules

Question 1

What functional groups are amino acids made up of?

Answer 1

A carboxyl, amine, and R functional group

Question 2

How many amino acids are in a peptide?

Answer 2

1

Question 3

How many amino acids are in a protein?

Answer 3

more than 50

Question 4

What is an essential amino acid?

Answer 4

An amino acid that our bodies cannot synthesize on their own, so they must be obtained through our diet

Question 5

Where do bonds between amino acids form?

Answer 5

between the nitrogen of one and carbon of another

Question 6

What type of bond is between amino acids?

Answer 6

A peptide bond

Question 7

Do amino acids act as bases or acids?

Answer 7

They can act as either depending on the pH of the environment they are in

Question 8

What charge will an amino acid in high pH have and why?

Answer 8

negative, as a low pH indicates a basic environment, meaning the amino acid will be more likely to give up a proton resulting in a negative charge on the carboxyl group

Question 9

What is the primary structure of a protein?

Answer 9

The sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain

Question 10

What is the secondary structure of a protein?

Answer 10

Shapes that form as a result of hydrogen bonding

Question 11

What is the tertiary structure of a protein?

Answer 11

The overall 3D shape of the protein, that forms as a result of interactions between the amino acid side chains

Question 12

What is the quaternary structure of a protein?

Answer 12

The number of polypeptide chains in the 1 molecule

Question 13

What occurs when a protein becomes denatured?

Answer 13

The bonds between amino acids and their side chains are broken as a result of extreme pH or high temperatures, which results in the loss of the proteins secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure hence altering its shape.

Question 14

What is the general formula for a carbohydrate?

Answer 14

Cx[y]

Question 15

What are carbohydrates?

Answer 15

Polymers of Monosaccharide (simple sugar) monomers

Question 16

How is maltose produced?

Answer 16

Glucose + Glucose = Maltose + Water

Question 17

How is sucrose produced?

Answer 17

Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose + Water

Question 18

What is the main function of polysaccharides?

Answer 18

To enable plants and animals to store energy/glucose

Question 19

What is starch made up of?

Answer 19

lots of alpha glucose molecules

Question 20

What are the 2 types of starch?

Answer 20

Amylose and amylopectin?

Question 21

What form of starch is a linear polymer?

Answer 21

Amylose

Question 22

What form of starch contains branching?

Answer 22

Amylopectin

Question 23

Which form of starch has a higher solubility in water and why?

Answer 23

Amylopectin as more -OH are exposed as a result of less coiling occuring due to branching in its structure

Question 24

What carb do plants use to store energy?

Answer 24

Starch

Question 25

What carb to animals use to store energy?

Answer 25

Glycogen

Question 26

What is cellulose used for?

Answer 26

As the main structural component in plant cells.

Question 27

What is cellulose comprised of?

Answer 27

lots of beta glucose molecules

Question 28

How are glucose molecules arranged in cellulose?

Answer 28

Every second glucose molecule is inverted

Question 29

When is glycogen produced?

Answer 29

When animals have excess amounts of glucose in their system and hence need to store the glucose for later use

Question 30

Where is glycogen generally stored?

Answer 30

In the liver or muscle tissue

Question 31

How does Aspartame's energy content compare to other sugars?

Answer 31

It has an energy content of approximately 17kj/g which is the same as fructose and sucrose

Question 32

What are 2 key differences between Aspartame and other sugars?

Answer 32

It is artificially produced and is much sweeter than other sugars so only small quantities are required to produce a similar taste

Question 33

What is the semi-structural formula for glycerol?

Answer 33

CH2(OH)CH(OH)CH2(OH)

Question 34

What is the general formula of a fatty acid?

Answer 34

(Long R group)-COOH

Question 35

What is the worded reaction formula that would produce a triglyceride?

Answer 35

Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids = Triglyceride + 3 water

Question 36

What is the difference between a saturated and unsaturated fat?

Answer 36

Saturated fats only contain molecules single bonds between carbon atoms, whereas unsaturated fats contain one or more double bond between carbon atoms.

Question 37

What is the general formula for a monounsaturated fat?

Answer 37

C[n]H[2n-1]COOH

Question 38

What is the general formula for a saturated fat?

Answer 38

C[n]H[2n+1]COOH

Question 39

What is the general formula for a polyunsaturated fat?

Answer 39

C[n]H[2n-3]COOH

Question 40

What is a omega 3 fatty acid?

Answer 40

A fatty acid with a double carbon bond on the 3rd carbon from the omega carbon

Question 41

What is the omega carbon?

Answer 41

The carbon on the other end of a fatty acid from the carboxyl group

Question 42

What is an essential fatty acid?

Answer 42

A fatty acid that our bodies cannot synthesize on their own, so we have to obtain them through our diet

Question 43

Do saturated or unsaturated fats have a higher melting point and why?

Answer 43

Saturated fats, as they have a more linear shape which allows the fatty acid tails to pack more closely together and hence it has stronger dispersion forces between molecules.

Question 44

What are vitamins?

Answer 44

micronutrients that are needed in our diet is small quantities

Question 45

Are vitamins essential or non essential?

Answer 45

most are essential as our bodies cannot synthesize their own

Question 46

Is vitamin D essential or non essential?

Answer 46

Non-essential

Question 47

What is the grouping of different vitamins based on?

Answer 47

Their solubility in water and fat

Question 48

How are vitamins different to macronutrients?

Answer 48

They are only needed in small amounts and there is large variation of the structures of different vitamins

Question 49

What determines if a vitamin is water or fat soluble?

Answer 49

The amount of -OH groups it contains, which will determine if it can form hydrogen bonds with water

Question 50

What is the difference between water and fat-soluble vitamins?

Answer 50

Water-soluble vitamins are excreted by the body and cannot be stored, whereas fat-soluble vitamins can