key individuals/case studies Flashcards
(37 cards)
1
Q
media representations - class
Glasgow university media group - neomarxist
A
- media represents class in a biased way, often blaming the poor for social issues
2
Q
media representations - class
newman
A
- tabloid media focus on the elite
- when working class are represented, the depiction is pitiful or unflattering
- working class often labelled as a problem
3
Q
media representations - class
Jones - chavs: the dehumanisation of the working class
A
- the working class is mocked and dehumanised in the media
- media reinforces negative stereotypes that support inequality
- eg jeremy kyle show portrays the working class as lazy and violent
4
Q
media representations - class
curran and seaton - marxist
A
- media owners are ruling class and promote content that relects their own interests
- media portrays the rich positively and the poor negatively
5
Q
media representations - gender
Mulvey - male gaze
A
- women are objectified in the media
- women’s bodies are a heavy focus in the media, which causes women to become viewed as sex objects
- hollywood films often feature women as passive characters for visual pleasure
6
Q
media representations - gender
McRobbie
A
- analysed tenage girls’ magazines
- theres been a shift from passive to active female roles, but some stereotypical expectations still remain
7
Q
media representations - gender
connell - hegemonic masculinity
A
- media reinforces dominant masculine ideas like toughness and aggression and repression of emotion
- men are shown as heroes, leaders and action ortientated
- men expected to be breadwinners
8
Q
media representations - gender
connell - femininity
A
- females categorised mainly as homemakers, mothers and carers
- women were expected to be less rational and more emotional than men
- mass media enforces cultural expectations about how each gender is supposed to behave
9
Q
media representations - ethnicity
Stuart Hall - ‘the black muggar’
A
- the media used black individuals as a scapegoat to draw attention away from the capitalism crisis
- media constructed black men as folk devils
- the media reinforced racist stereotypes and justified heavy policing/targeting
- the media created a false narrrative by claiming there was a extreme increase in mugging when this was not the trusth
10
Q
media representations - ethnicity
Van Dijk
A
- did content analysis of news media across europe
- ethnic minorities are often linked with: crime, threats to culture or welfare dependency
- the media reinforces negative, sterotypical portrayals of minorities
11
Q
media representations - ethnicity
Shah - islamophobia in British media
A
- muslims are frequently portrayed as terrorist/extremists or opressive
- this fuels islamophobia and justifies police discrimination/targeting
12
Q
media representations - ethnicity
Bell Hooks
A
- minorities are not represented in the media
- black women are seen as the lowest status in media representations
13
Q
media representations - age
Lee et al - elderly in the media
A
- conducted a study of adverts
- the elderly are underrepresented
- however, the representations found were prodominantly positive - 90% of the representations of the elderly were positive
14
Q
media representations - age
Kelly - young people in the media
A
- researched language used by journalists towards young people who come into contact with the law
- found young people are represented as:
1. dangerous
2. in need of protection
3. immature
15
Q
media representations - age
Wayne et al
A
- studied the content of new across tv channels
- youth are often depicted as violent
- media conveys a picture of young people that encourages fear and condemnation
16
Q
media representations - sexuality
Craig - media portrayals of gay characters
A
- 3 common stereotypes:
1. camp - comedic, not to be taken seriously
2. deviant - immoral or dangerous
3. tragic victim- loney, suffering or doomed
17
Q
media representations - sexuality
Gauntlett - changing attitudes
A
- media representations of sexuality have become more diverse and accepting
- however, this is still often limited to ‘safe’ identities eg white, middle class, cis gender)
18
Q
media representations - sexuality
Stonewall - 2020 report of LGBTQ+ in the media
A
- only a small % of LGBTQ people felt they were well represented in UK media
- bisexual and transgender people especially underrepresented or misrepresented
19
Q
media representations - disability
barnes - 6 common stereotypes
A
- pitiable or pathetic
- sinister or evil (super villains)
- supercrip - heoric for doing everyday tasks
- burden
- sexually abnormal
- object of ridicule
20
Q
media representations - disability
Shakespeare - disability as a social construct
A
- disability is not just a medical issue but a socially created identity
- the media often portrays disabled people as passive victims or ‘the problem’
21
Q
media representations - disability
Roper
A
- focused on telethons and charity events eg children in need
- they use emotional manipulation
- reinfirces disabled people as helpless victims in need of saving
- causes pity, not empowerment
22
Q
marxism
marx
ownership and control of the media
A
- media is part of the ideological state apparatus and serves capitalism
23
Q
marxism
Miliband
ownership and control of the media
A
- media is an instrument of social control, owned/controlled by a small elite
- media is uded to shape the ideas and values of the subordinate class
24
Q
marxism
Bagdikian
ownership and control of the media
A
- a few large corporations dominate global media
25
# hegemonic marxism
galtung and ruge - news values
1. extraordinariness - rare and unpredictable events are more news worthy
2. size - the scale and importance of the event - bigger scale = more newsworthy
3. reference to elite - events surrounding the elite are more newsworthy
4. frequency - duration of the event, media like quick moving stories
26
# neo-marxism
Glasgow university media group
- media reflects ruling class ideology because of ownership and middle class journalists
- news reporting is often not neutral
- audiences arent completely passive but are influenced by biased content
27
# pluralism
whale
- media owners are too concerned with profits to interfere in content - they supply what audiences want
- editors and journalists have freedom
28
# pluralism
Jenkins
- says media content flows across multiple platforms - creates more participatory culture
- audiences are no longer passive
- media now has a participatory culture
29
# pluralism
what 3 key concepts of the new media does Jenkins highlight?
1. convergence culture - media content flowing over multiple platforms
2. audience participation
3. participatory culture
30
# pluralism
Tocqueville
- media helps spread political ideas and holds those in power accountable
- having a variety of newspapers and opinions stops one group controlling media narrative
- media encourages participation and debate
31
# pluralism
Tocqueville - tyranny of the majority
- the minority opinion is marginalised as the majority opinion is prioritied/represented
32
# feminism
Mulvey - the male gaze
- women's bodies are a heavy focus in the media
- the male gaze is media from the perspective of heterosexual men
- women become objectified as sex objects
33
# feminism
Bell Hooks
- white, male, upperclass individuals control the media
- black women are seen as the lowest status in media representations (gender + ethnicity)
34
# feminism
McRobbie
- women have now entered journalism
- emergence of a new ideal for women in media industry - expected to be professional and attractive
35
# feminism
McRobbie - the glass ceiling
- barriers to womens advancement in media
- women are underrepresented in top editorial and decision making positions
36
# post modernism
Baudrillard - hyperreality
- media creates a simulated reality that becomes more real than reality itself
- eg the reality of the Ukraine - Russia war through the media is a hyperreality
37
# post modernism
Strinati - ways media is singificiant in the development of postmodern society
- breakdown in distinction and society (seperation of media and reality)
- confusion over time and space - due to satellite tv/broadcasting
- decline of metanarratives
