key individuals/studies Flashcards
(51 cards)
1
Q
state crime
cambodian genocide
A
- communist group gained control over cambodia
- killed more than 1.7 million people
- found guilty of crimes against humanity and breaches of the Geneva conventions
2
Q
state crime
who did the communist group in Cambodia target?
A
- Buddhists
- Christians
- Muslims
- those who were educated
3
Q
state crime
what were the communist group in cambodia found guilty of?
A
- crimes against humanity
- breaches of the Geneva conventions
4
Q
green crime
BP oil spill
A
- in 2010, an explosion in the deep water horizon oil rig in the gulf of mexico caused the largest oil spill in history
5
Q
green crime
what were the impacts of the BP oil spill?
A
- 11 people killed
- up to 1 million sea birds killed
- 8.3 billion oysters lost
6
Q
green crime
what were the consequences for BP?
A
- BP were found responsible for the oil spill
- BP were ordered to pay more than $20 billion in civil and criminal penalties
7
Q
corperate crime
Bernie Madoff ponzi scheme
A
- ran a ponzi scheme where he used money from new investors to pay back earlier investors returns rather than using profits
8
Q
corperate crime
what punishment did Madoff get?
A
- Madoff was sentenced to 150 years in prison
9
Q
left realism
Jock Young
A
- have to be tough on crime - does not mean being hard on criminals
- argues since WW2, rising living standards and development of welfare provisions have gone hand in hand with a higher crime rate
10
Q
left realism
Lea and Young
A
- identify causes for crime, including subcultures, marginalisation and relative deprivation
11
Q
left realism
Lea and Young - relative deprivation
A
- crime occurs when individuals fee deprived compared to others, even if they are well off
- the perception of being worse off that causes resentment and can lead to crime
12
Q
left realism
Lea and Young - marginalisation
A
- some groups feel marginalised as they lack power, representation and a clear voice in society
- without access to legitimate means, violence and crime can be a way for individuals to express frustration
13
Q
left realism
Lea and Young - subculture
A
- some groups develop deviant subcultures that offer alternative values and ways to achieve status
- these subcultures may encourage crime, especially if legitimate routes to sucess are blocked
14
Q
left realism
Young and Matthews - community approaches to crime
A
- improving leisure facilities, reducing income inequality, improving housing estates and living conditions etc can help reduce crime
15
Q
functionalism
Hirischi - control theory
A
- states that when individuals bonds in society are weakened, they are more likely to commit crime
16
Q
functionalism
Durkheim
A
- crime is normal and necessary in society
- crime serves the purpose of boundary maintainance and adaptation and change
- too little crime or too much crime is dysfunctional
17
Q
functionalism
Durkheim says in subcultures they all have different values and behaviours to wider society - what does Durkheim call this?
A
- anomie (normlessness)
18
Q
functionalism
what is normlessness according to Durkheim?
A
- a sense of moral confusion where shared norms become weakened
19
Q
functionalism
how can normlessness cause higher levels of crime and deviance?
A
- individuals may feel disconnected from society
- the shared norms and values of what behaviour is acceptable and unacceptable may become lost
20
Q
functionalism
what is the problem with Durkheim’s ideas?
A
- Durkheim states that there should be crime in society, but does not state how much crime there should be
21
Q
functionalism
Davis
A
- crime and devience can be a safety valve
- eg prostitution can release men’s sexual frustration without threatening the nuclear family
22
Q
functionalism
Merton’s strain theory
A
- suggests that the root cause of crime lies in the unequal structure of society
-Merton suggests that crime is caused by the failure to achieve the american dream through legitimate means (strain to anomie) - theres a strain between societies goals and the lack of legitimate means for some individuals to achieve this goal
23
Q
functionalism
what are the ways individuals respond to societies goals that may cause criminal behaviour according to Merton?
A
- Innovation - accepting the goal but rejecting legitimate means (using illegitimate means)
- Retreatism - rejecting the goals and rejecting the means (using illegitimate means)
- Rebellion - replacing the means and goals with their own means and goals
24
Q
functionalism
why did cohen investigate working class boys?
A
- explored why working class boys are more likely to join delinquent subcultures and commit crime
25
# functionalism
what is Cohen's status frustration theory?
- when individuals cant achieve sucess or status through legitimate means, they feel a sense of 'status frustration'
- in response, these individuals may form or join a subculture and seek an alternative status heirachy
26
# functionalism
how may individuals feeling status frustation gain status through subculture?
- these subcultures may have alternative status heirachies such as gaining status and respect through vandalism
27
# functionalism
what type of crime did Cohen say these boys who joined subcultures were more likely to commit?
- non-utilitarian crimes (crime not for material gain) like fighting and vandalism
28
# functionalism
Cloward and Ohlin - what do they say about Cohen's theory?
- they say Cohen's theory does not account for the diversity of reponses for working class youth who cant achieve sucess through legitimate means
29
# functionalism
what are the 3 subcultures that Cloward and Ohlin suggest?
1. criminal subcultures
2. conflict subcultures
3. retreatist subcultures
30
# functionalism
explain Cloward and Ohlin's criminal subculture
- found in stable areas with long standing criminal network
- young people learn criminal skills and values from adults
- crime tends to be organised and utilitarian eg drug dealing
31
# functionalism
explain Cloward and Ohlin's conflict subculture
- found in areas of poverty and disorganisation (people moving in and out)
- no stable criminal networks, so young people turn to violence and gang activity for status
- often non-utilitarian crime as the subculture is about status, power and reputation
32
# functionalism
explain Cloward and Ohlin's retreatist subculture
- for those who fail in legitimate and illegitimate opportunity structures
- individuals often drop out and turn to alcohol and drug use, retreating from society
33
# functionalism
what do Cloward and Ohlin call those in retreatist subcultures?
- double failures
- as they couldnt succeed in mainstream society or criminal groups
34
# right realism
Wilson and Kelling - broken windows theory
- if it's obvious an area has no social control, the area will become overrun with crime
- this is solved by maintaining social control, tackling all signs of disorder and implimenting zero tolerance policing
35
# functionalism
Durkheim
- crime is normal and necessary in society
- crime serves the purpose of boundary maintainance and adaptation and change
- too little crime or too much crime is dysfunctional
36
# marxism
chambliss
- laws are designed to protect the interests of the ruling class
- enforcement of these laws are biased against the working class
37
# marxism
marx
- laws are crafted to appear equal, which contributes to false class conciousness - they give capitalism a 'friendly face'
- eg health and safety laws make workers feel valued, which stops workers from rebelling and keeps their false class conciousness
38
# marxism
snider
- the state is reluctant to pass laws that regulate big businesses
- financial fraud and corporate negligence often result in fines rather than criminal charges, which reflects the states leniency towards corporate offenders
39
# neo marxism
Hall
- examined the medias crafting of the crisis of black mugging
- the media used black individuals who had negatives stereotypes already as a scapegoat to distract the public from the crisis of capitalism
40
# interactionism
becker
- acts are only deviant because society labels them that way
- when an individual commits a devient act, they may be labelled and this may become their master status
- the master status may mean individuals identify with this label, causing a self fulfilling prophecy
41
# interactionism
Lemert
- the response to deviance can cause more deviance
- identifies primary and secondary deviance
42
# interactionism
what is lemert's concept of primary deviance?
- minor rule breaking, which is often unnoticed or not labelled
43
# interactionism
what is Lemert's concept of secondary deviance?
- secondary deviance is what happens when someone is labelled as deviant
- this becomes a part of their identity
44
# interactionism
how can the process of secondary deviance cause more crime/deviance?
- the process of being labelled through secondary deviance can push individuals futher into crime as they may become marginalised or this may become their master status
45
# interactionism
what does Mead say about criminal behaviour?
- deviance is not inherently a product of invididuals behaviour, but is created through the menings assigned to the behaviour by others in society
46
# interactionism
what does Mead say about the link between socialisation and deviant behaviour?
- if an individual grows up in an environment where deviant behaviour is normalised, they may see deviant behaviour as acceptable
47
# post modernism
Lash and Urry
- contemporary societies are fragmenting, leading to the creation of ‘wild spaces’ where the normal rules no longer apply
- the rich live very close to the poor in society which can lead to an increase in the fear of crime as the rich isolate themselves further with gated communities
48
# post modernism
Lyng - edgework
- some individuals commit crime for thrill, pleasure or excitement, especially if they feel life is boring
49
# postmodernism
why may edgework be commin in postmodern societies?
- consumer culture in post modern societies promotes risk and living on the edge
50
# post modernism
Baudrillard - hyperreality
- the media creates a hyperreality, where the media depiction feels more real than actual reality
- this distorted reality an impact how individuals see crime
51
Matza - neutralisation
- Matza suggests that people use a number of techniques of neutralization such as:
1. Denial of responsibility
2. Denial of injury - the victim is supposed to not be harmed by the crime
3. the deliquent states they had to do it
