KEY INFO: 3rd Crusade

Question 1

Why did Saladin begin to prepare an offensive against the Franks?

Answer 1

Reynold of Chatillon had attacked a muslim caravan travelling from Cairo to Damascus

Question 2

When did the truce expire?

Answer 2

April 1187

Question 3

When was the Battle of Cresson?

Answer 3

1st May 1187

Question 4

What happened at the Battle of Cresson?

Answer 4

Saladin overwhelmed 100 Templars and Hospitallers and withdrew carrying their heads on spears

Question 5

What was the size of the forces at the Battle of Hattin?

Answer 5

16,000 Christians (1200 knights) against 30,000 Turks (12,000 cavalry)

Question 6

When and how did the invasion start the Battle of Hattin?

Answer 6

27th June 1187, Saladin led his men across the River Jordan

Question 7

When did Saladin lay his trap at the Battle of Hattin?

Answer 7

2nd July 1187

Question 8

What was Saladin’s trap? How did the Franks respond?

Answer 8

He besieged Tiberias where Raymond’s wife was trapped, Raymond urged Guy not to attack but he did.

Question 9

Where did Saladin ensure his troops were well watered at the Battle of Hattin?

Answer 9

Kaft Sabt

Question 10

What does the Latin Iternerarium show?

Answer 10

Reynald’s head was cut off by Saladin personally, Guy and the True Cross were captured

Question 11

What did Saladin do following the Battle of Hattin?

Answer 11

Paraded the True Cross through the streets of Damascus, attacked the principle Latin towns and ports

Question 12

When did Conrad arrive at Tyre?

Answer 12

August 1187

Question 13

Why was Conrad’s arrival at Tyre important?

Answer 13

It maintained a foothold in the East as a stepping stone for crusade

Question 14

When was Audita Tremendi proclaimed?

Answer 14

October 1187

Question 15

Who is said to have died of grief at the loss of Jerusalem?

Answer 15

Pope Urban III

Question 16

What did Audita Tremendi blame the loss of Jerusalem on?

Answer 16

Gregory VIII blamed the Christains in the Levant and in Europe

Question 17

What did the Archbishop of Tyre do?

Answer 17

He called on the rulers of Western Christendom to come to the aid of the Outremer

Question 18

What was Richard I’s background?

Answer 18

Son of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine, disputes between Angevin Monarchy and French

Question 19

When did Richard I take the cross?

Answer 19

November 1189

Question 20

Why did Richard I take the cross?

Answer 20

Religious piety, great-grandson of Fulk, an opportunity to prove himself

Question 21

What did Richard do to prepare for crusade?

Answer 21

Inherited huge resources in July 1189, sold land titles and property (would have sold London)

Question 22

What role did Henry II play?

Answer 22

Introduction of a Saladin Tithe, 10% tax on revenues

Question 23

What was beneficial about Richard’s decision to travel by sea?

Answer 23

It would be quicker, eliminate the poor, a disciplined fighting force

Question 24

When did Phillip II take the cross?

Answer 24

With Henry II in January 1188 in Gisors in Paris

Question 25

What made Phillip II and Henry II set aside their differences?

Answer 25

A cross of Christ appeared in the sky at Joscius of Tyre's sermon

Question 26

What were the differences between Richard and Phillip?

Answer 26

Richard had more power and money, he was a man of action, Phillip was careful and planning

Question 27

Why was the crusade delayed by nearly a year?

Answer 27

The mistrust between the two - one would not leave without the other.

Question 28

What was Frederick I's background?

Answer 28

36 years ruling the largest, wealthiest lands in Christendom - outstripped Richard and Phillip

Question 29

When and where did Frederick I take the cross?

Answer 29

March 1188 at Mainz

Question 30

How large was Frederick's force?

Answer 30

100,000 men with 20,000 knights

Question 31

When did Frederick drown?

Answer 31

10th June 1190

Question 32

What was the result of Frederick drowning?

Answer 32

Only 5,000 soldiers made it to Acre

Question 33

Why did Phillip II take the cross?

Answer 33

A rivalry between him and Henry, some economic benefit, religious commitment/papal loyalty

Question 34

Why did Guy lay siege to Acre?

Answer 34

Conrad refused to hand over Tyre to Guy

Question 35

When did Guy lay siege to Acre?

Answer 35

August 1189

Question 36

When did Conrad recognise Guy as king?

Answer 36

During the siege at Acre, his audacity to fight against Saladin's relief force and maintain the siege.

Question 37

What happened when Queen Sibllya died?

Answer 37

Conrad kidnapped and married Isabella, her younger sister

Question 38

When did Conrad marry Isabella?

Answer 38

24th November 1190

Question 39

When did Richard arrive at Acre?

Answer 39

8th June 1191

Question 40

Phillip had not helped much at Acre, how did Richard help?

Answer 40

His personal valour, siege machines ended the siege in a month

Question 41

When did Acre surrender?

Answer 41

12th July 1191

Question 42

What were the terms of Acre's surrender?

Answer 42

200,000 gold dinars, the return of 1500 Frankish prisoners and the True Cross

Question 43

What did Richard I do when Saladin did not meet the demands?

Answer 43

He march 2700 prisoners out of the city and had them massacred

Question 44

Which King supported which contestant for King of Jerusalem?

Answer 44

Richard supported Guy whilst Phillip supported Conrad

Question 45

When was the succession crisis solved?

Answer 45

28th July 1191

Question 46

What was the succession crisis compromise?

Answer 46

Guy would remain king in his lifetime, Conrad would succeed with royal revenues equally divided

Question 47

When did Phillip return home due to ill-health?

Answer 47

3rd August 1191

Question 48

When did the March to Jaffa begin?

Answer 48

22nd August 1191

Question 49

How long was the March to Jaffa?

Answer 49

80 miles

Question 50

How many men marched to Jaffa?

Answer 50

15,000

Question 51

What was the formation of the March to Jaffa?

Answer 51

Templars at vanguard, Hospitallers at rear, infantry and archers along the enemy flank

Question 52

What did Ambriose write about the March to Jaffa?

Answer 52

Richard was particularly insistant that no crusade break ranks as they would make them more vunerable

Question 53

Where was the Battle of Arsuf?

Answer 53

25 miles from Jaffa

Question 54

When was the Battle of Arsuf?

Answer 54

7th September 1191

Question 55

Why could Saladin not allow the capture of Jaffa?

Answer 55

He had already lost face with the loss of Acre, Jaffa could not be lost in such quick succession

Question 56

How big was Saladin's force at Arsuf?

Answer 56

30,000

Question 57

What happened when two knights broke ranks at Arsuf?

Answer 57

Richard quickly ordered a cavalry charge, fighting off two fierce counter attacks the centraldivsion buckled and then the rest of the army

Question 58

What does Asbridge argue about the Battle of Arsuf?

Answer 58

Too readily followed Ambroise's account as the King who was looking for conflict, King was simply responding - if role of King exagerrated = turning point

Question 59

What did Saladin choose to do a few days after the arrival at Jaffa?

Answer 59

Sacrifice Ascalon

Question 60

What did Richard want to do after Jaffa?

Answer 60

Attack Egypt but the bulk of the army did not share his long term perspective

Question 61

When did the crusaders eventually set out from Jaffa?

Answer 61

29th October 1191

Question 62

What was happening alongside skirmishes?

Answer 62

Diplomacy - the offer of Richard's sister to marry the Sultan's brother

Question 63

Where did the crusaders decide to abandon the attack on Jerusalem 1st time?

Answer 63

Beit Nuba, 12 miles from Jerusalem

Question 64

When did the crusaders abandon Jerusalem the first time?

Answer 64

13th January 1192

Question 65

What happened to the Kingdom of Jerusalem in Spring 1192?

Answer 65

Conrad was elected by nobles as King, Guy sold Cyprus as compensation, Conrad stabbed to death by two Hashshashin on the streets of Tyre (28th April)

Question 66

When did Richard slip into depression?

Answer 66

29th May 1192

Question 67

Why did Richard slip into depression?

Answer 67

Fears of his Angevin lands - Phillip plotting with Prince John

Question 68

Why was Saladin unhappy by 1192?

Answer 68

His commitment to jihad had increased but his capacity to fight had weakened

Question 69

When did the crusaders reach Beit Nuba the 2nd time?

Answer 69

10th June 1192 (took two weeks not two months)

Question 70

How was morale boosted before the 2nd attempt?

Answer 70

A discovery of another piece of the True Cross

Question 71

What did Saladin do inside Jerusalem before the 2nd attempt?

Answer 71

Ordered all the wells to be poisoned and preapred to leave the city

Question 72

Why did the crusaders retreat from Jerusalem a 2nd time?

Answer 72

Richard argued the vunerability of the supply line to Jaffa, lack of water, formidable defences, lack of manpower to hold it if taken

Question 73

When did the 3rd Crusade collapse?

Answer 73

4th July 1192

Question 74

What did Saladin do in response to the retreat?

Answer 74

Took advantage and launched a lightening attack on Jaffa.

Question 75

How did Richard achieve victory in Jaffa in 1192?

Answer 75

His surprise attack gave the crusaders an improbable and dramatic victory

Question 76

Why was negotiation the only option by 1192?

Answer 76

Two strong forces, beginning to tire

Question 77

What were the terms of the Treaty of Jaffa?

Answer 77

A 3 year truce: Saladin would retain control of Jerusalem, but pilgrims could access the holy Sepulchre, Chiristians would keep Acre-Jaffa and the strip between

Question 78

When was the Treaty of Jaffa signed?

Answer 78

2nd September 1192

Question 79

When did Saladin die?

Answer 79

Six months after Richard left the Holy Land